Glass 
Book-i 




^ r ^ 



A 

VIEW 

OF 

SOUTH-CAROLINA, 

AS RESPECTS HER 
NATURAL and C/m CONCERNS, 



BY JOHN DRAYTON. 



" Where Southern streams, thro' broad Savannahs bend, 
" The rice-clad vales their verdant rounds extend ; 
5< Tobago's plant, uz leaf expanding yields, 
" The maize luxuriant clothes a thousand fields." 



Vision of Golumeus 



j jvj^iv*wai^^^T rmni'anrnrT 



CHARLESTON; 
Printed by W. P. YOUNG, No, 41, Broad-Street, 

1802. 



g5*^ €^ 






*§ 



^ 



£> 



No. XV. 
South-Carolina District, to Wit. 



rfc 



IE IT REMEMBERED, that on the twenty-third day 
of September, Anno Domini one thoufand eight hundred and two, 
and in the twenty feventh year of the fovereignty and independence. 
of the United States of America, his Excellency John Drayton, 
Governor and Commander in chief in and over the State of South- 
Carolina, hath depofited in this office, the title of a book, the right 
whereof he claims, as author, in the following words : 

A VIEW 

OF 

SOUTH-CAROLINA, 

AS RESPECTS HER 

NATURAL AND CIVIL CONCERNS. 
BY JOHN DRAYTON. 



" Where Southern streams, thro' broad Savannahs bend, 
" The rice-clad vales their verdant rounds extend ; 
" Tobago's plant, its leaf expanding yields, 
" The maize luxuriant clothes a thousand fields." 

Vision of Columbus. 

In conformity to the Act of the United States, entitled an " Ac! 
for the encouragement of learning, by fecuring the copies of 
maps, charts, and books, to the proprietors, and authors, of fuch 
copies, during the times therein mentioned. 

THOMAS HALL, 
Clerk of South-Carohka District. 



PREFACE. 



Jj[ DESIRE to he well informed, refpecling the concerns »f my own 
tountry $ led to the many refearches, which ha-ve authorized the fol- 
lowing work ; and a knowledge thence derived, that no one book fu.f- 
fciently comprehended the •various informations, necejfury for a dim 
knowledge of the prefent filiation of South-Carolina, has induced me tit 
make the fame public. How far I ha-ve been fuccefsful, the following 
pages will declare. 

If my opportunities of information, for feme years pafi, ha-ve been 
extenf'vc J the few leifuri hours, which my public duties permitted me 
to enjoy, have prevented my noting every information which has occurred '»• 
cr, of rendering a tvork of this kind fo complete, as might ha-ve been 
expecled. Such as it is , however, a;> hope is indulged, that it may be 
ufeful; and as fuch, it is refpeilfully offered to the public at large, and 
to my fellow citizens in particular. 

Charleston, November 2th, 1802. 



tmmanuiMiaiumim^ 



ERR A TA. 



fage 
16, 


line 
19. 


22, 
22, 


4» 

16, 


3 2 » 


2, 


3 2 > 


23. 


i)5» 


21, 


35» 


26, 


37. 


37» 


53» 
66, 


»4> 


70, 

85» 
05, 


29, 

at the i 



its, 

overcomes, 
1766, 
vals, 
dan, 
wester);, 
spamps, 
round, 
ninety, 
Sambacus 
singular, 
oleander, 
the bottom, aid, 



read 
her. 

overcome. 

1776. 

vales. 

den. 

southern, 
swamps, 
around, 
eighty. 
, Sambucus. 
singularly. 
* oleander, 
laid. 



Jamacia, Jamaica, 
jlowcry, floury. 
1801, 1800. 
is, are. 



Page line for read 

134., 18, assurely, assuredly. 

135. 20, 

137. 5» 

146, 26, 

150, 12, 

161, 9, proprietary, proprietary. 

170, bottom, too, to. 

192, note at bottom, 1798, 1795- 

183, for " relating to Kershaw Dis- 
trict" read, relating to the United 
Districts of Lancaster, Kershaw, Sum- 
ter, Richland and Fairfield. 



THE plates and Statements are to be placed thus; 



Map of the State, 

Teeth and bones, 

Census of iSoo, 

Rice machine, 

Modes of planting a rice crop, 

Santee Canal.. - 

View of Columbia, 



oppofite the Title page. 

page 40 

104 

- 122 

- - - 1S 6 
211 



A VIEW 



SOUTH- CAROLINA; 



AS RESPECTS HER 



NATURAL and CIVIL CONCERNS. 



CHAP. I. 



Geographical account of the state, and her natural history, as relates is 
situation; and, hy ivhat authority: Discovery, and name: Face of 
the country : Mountains : Climate : Diseases : Rivers, Lakes, and 
Water Courses : Fossils, Minerals, Springs, Cascades, and Natural 
Curiosities : Productions, vegetable and animal., 

X HE revolutionary war of North America, which 
gave independence and fovereignty to a large territory 
in this Weftern Hemifphere, has fumifhed important 
matter for hiftorians ; both in caufe and effecl. Al- 
ready have able pens traced the fubjecls of original dif- 
pute; and have marked thofe fteps, which led thcfe 
ftates, from fabjugated provinces to confederated em- 
pire. An awful lerTon has hence been produced, for 
the inftruction of mankind. Eventful confequences 

A have 



4 A VIEW OF 

America and his Britannic Majefty, done at P*aris, in 
the year 1783. 6. By die fettlement of boundary be- 
tween South-Carolina and Georgia, done at Beaufort, 
by commiliioners duly appointed from either flate, for 
that purpofe. 7. By ceffion of the weftern territory 
of the ftate, towards the Miffifippi, to the United States 
of America, in purfuance of an act. of the legiflature 
of the flate, palled for that purpofe in the year 1787. 
8. By Indian Treaties. 

Discovery and Name. 

This tracl of country is faid to have been firft difco- 
vered by Sebaftian Cabot, a native of Briftol ; in the 
reign of Henry the feventh of England; and, about 
the year one thoufand four hundred and ninety-feven. 
But the attention of the Englifh was not then fufhcient- 
ly directed towards it, and fucceffive fettlements were 
made, by the French and Spaniards ; which after fome 
changes of fortune, were ultimately withdrawn. With 
the French and Spaniards, it was part of a large tra6t of 
country, known by the name of Florida;* and with the 
Engliih, it was called Virginia. t Hence, many plants 
have Florida^ or Virginia, annexed to their botanical 
names ; as being indigenous to parts of that extenfive 
country, which originally went under thole different 
appellations. As far, however, as they relate to that 
which we propofe to defcribe, they have paffed away : 
and it is now only known by the name of South-Ca- 
rolina. 

Whether 

* So called by Juan Ponce de Leon, when on a voyage of difcovery, in the 
year 1512; who ditcovered fome part of the fhore, now called Eaft Florida; 
and he called it Florida, either becaufe he fell in with it on Falm Sunday, or, 
on account of its gay and beautiful appearance. Robertson's history of America. 
Vol. I. page 198. 

+ So called, either in memory of its firft having been found, in the reign of 
a virgin Queen ; or as fome have interpreted it, becaufe it ftill feemed to retain 
the virgin purity and plenty of the firft creation: and the people, their primi- 
tive innocencyof life and manners. Stittis history of Virginia. Page 11. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 5 

Whether this be of French or Englifh origin, is a 
matter of uncertainty. One of the French colonies 
which fettled on it, built a fort at the mouth of one of 
its rivers : and in honor of their prince, Charles the 
Ninth, they called it Caroline.* Afterwards, about the 
year 1604, an Englifn fettlement emigrating from Maf- 
fachufetts, was effected at Cape Fear.t And in the 
year 1629, Charles the firil, king of Great Britain, 
granted the fame (including a large extent of country 
to the fonthward and weft ward) by the name of Caro- 
lana, to Sir Robert Heath ;J who conveyed it to the 
Earl of Arundel. §' This nobleman made fome attempts 
towards x its fettlement; but was fruftrated by the war 
which broke out in Scotland about that time : and by 
the fubfeqtlent civil wars which took place in Great 
Britain. Afterwards, the patent of Charles the firil 
was declared void : becaufe the conditions on which it 
had been granted, were never fulfilled ;|| and it again be- 
came vefted in the crown. 

Upon the restoration of Charles the Second, King of 
Great Britain, this country was granted by him in the 
year 1663, to certain noble perfons, with extraordina- 
ry privileges, as appears by the charter of that King 
to Edward Earl of Clarendon, George Duke of Albe- 
marle, William Lord Craven, John Lord Berkley, 
Anthony Lord Afhlcy, Sir George Carteret, Sir Willi- 
am Berkley, and Sir John Colleton, who were thereby 
created true and abfolute Lords and Proprietors of 
Carolina. This charter was enlarged by one given two 

years 

•* Anderson on Commerce, Vol. II. page 12 5. Preface to Cox's defcription 
efCarolana, publifhed in 1741. Alfo, Chalmers's Political Annals. Page 513 

+ Chalmer's Political Annals, Page 515. 

\ See an extraft of this charter, in Cox's Carolana. Page 109, Alfo Chal- 
mar's Political Annals.' Page 5,15. 

^ Anderson on Commerce. Vol. II. page 338. 

I Ckalmefs Political Annals, Page 515. 



6 A VIEW OF 

years afterwards ;* and by them, the property in the 
fame was not only veiled in the above proprietors ; but 
the name which this territory had formerly received, was 
with a fmall alteration confirmed. It was therein called 
and known by its prefent name of Carolina ; and was 
afterwards divided into South and North-Carolina; by 
which name South-Carolina is now enrolled among the 
United States of America. 

Face of the Country. 

The more of South-Carolina rifes gradually from 
the Atlantic Ocean. As the approaches become nearer, 
trees, fand hills, and at length the extenfion of its mores 
prefent themfelves. Thefe on the fea coaft are continu- 
ally interfered by inlets, creeks, and marfhes ; throw- 
ing the fliores of Carolina into a number of iflands. 
Some of them prefent a fandy front to the fea ; undu- 
lated with conical fand hills, fixteen or twenty feet high : 
while the fides next the main land, are level and low, 
and are connected with extenfive marfhes, interfefted 
by creeks and inlets. Their foil is of very fandy nature; 
producing fmall pines and bay trees, live oak, cedar, 
palmetto cabbage, palmetto royal, filk grafs, myrtle, 
caffena, wild olive, tooth-ache tree, prickly pear, fea- 
fide oats, and fcattering coarfe faline grafles. Others 
whofe bounds are deep and extenfive, potfefs a foil of 
fandy nature, extremely fertile ; and are wooded with 
pine, white oak, red oak, live oak, gum, hickory, dog- 
wood, faffafrafs, elm, laurel, and bay ; while their 
undergrowth is covered with a profufion of fhrubbery ; 
and jaifmines (bignonia sempei'virens) are abundantly 
ftrewed along the ground ; or clafp the trees above 
them, in beautiful feftoons. 

From thele iflands, the main land pre fen ts a level 
country ; with a. furface of light black earth 3 on a ftra- 

tum 

* See TreWs Imws ef Seuth-Cardim, Preface, from page xxi. to page xlir* 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 7 

turn of fand : and, that fometimes reding at a few feet 
below, on a ftratum of marie, or clay. In fome places, 
the fand deepens ; and at the diftance of fifteen or 
twenty feet below the furface, it refts upon a bed of 
fmall and broken fea fhells, and other marine produc- 
tions. Thefe are, by fome, confidered as traces of 
waters, which have long fince receded from them ; and 
hence opinions are entertained, that the lower parts 
of the ftate, is fo much land gained from the ocean. At 
firft fight, they prefent the appearance of a light porous 
rock, like Bermudian ftone; but, on examination, they 
prove to be nothing more than a variety of broken 
fhells, attached to each other, bv particles of marfh clay 
and fand. Thefe lands, generally produce extenfive pine 
forefts ; known with us, by the name of pine barrens ; 
becaufe, of their unproductive nature. They are with- 
out any ftones on their furface, for eighty miles or more, 
from the fea ; riling by an almoft imperceptible afcent 
to that diftance; where the elevation is faid to be near 
two hundred feet above the level of the ocean. Through 
this tra5t of country, the pine barrens have little or no 
underwood, fome fpecies of fhrub-oak excepted ; the 
ground being generally covered with coarfe wild graffes. 
This is probably not its natural appearance ; but is 
caufed by the cuftom of burning the dry grafs in the 
fpring, in order to haften early pafturage, at the fame 
time deftroying the young fhrubs, which would, other- 
wife, moot up a growth of underwood. Fertile veins 
of land, upon a clayey or marley foundation, occafi- 
onally interfeci thefe barrens : producing white oak, 
chefnut oak, red oak, fhort leaved pine, gum, hickory, 
dog wood, elm, beech, walnut, maple, and many other 
trees and fhrubs, indicative of generous foils. And a 
multiplicity of fwamps and bays,* are found throughout 

the 

* They are called bays, from trie quantities of bay trees which grow therein. 
And which are fo tall and ciofely connected with each other, as to throw a con- 
tinual (hade over the lands below. Hence their foil is naturally four and fpungy : 
producing china briars, andromedas, and ferns: foon exhaufted with culture, 
and of courte but little attended to. 



8 A VIEW OF 

the country ; which branch out and unite, by an infini- 
ty of different meanderings ; fooner or later, emptying 
their waters into fame river, or inlet, from the fea. 
Natural meadows, called favannahs, are ofen feen in 
this part of the fiate ; feme of which cover an area of 
fifty acres. They are deftitute of trees or bufhes : pro- 
ducing little more, than a few fpecies of coarfe grafs 9 
and wild herbaceous flowers. 

The rivers which courfe along thefe lands, are bor- 
dered with the mod fertile foils ; and, upon them fome 
of the beft rice plantations are fituated. Thefe lands, 
as far as the falts influence, are compofed of a flratum 
of dark blue clay, clothed with a plenteous growth of 
ruffles, and fait water fedge; whofe roots are complete- 
ly interwoven with each other. When the falts begin 
to fubfide, the growth of vegetables immediately de- 
clare it. Here, different kinds of frefh water flag's ; 
high and ftrong fpecies of grafs of the wild oat kind ; 
and quantities of wampe (a fpecies of arum;) with fmall 
tupelo, cyprefs, myrtle, and elder, indicate a more 
frefhened foil. And from hence upwards, as far as the 
tides flow, the rice lands extend themfelves deep on each 
fide of the rivers; until they join the high pine lands. 
Now, the fwamps are covered with the heavieft growth 
of timber: mooting up canes (arundo gigantea) in great 
quantities ; and fo thick in many places that a bird can- 
not fly betwen them. Over thefe, a thick growth is 
produced of tupelo, cyprefs, afh, maple, water oak, 
bay, gum, elm, and white oak; in proportion to the 
greater or lefs ftrength of the land, and the higher or 
lower the fituation may be, on which they grow. In 
thefe fwamps, knolls or fmall rifing grounds fometimes 
prefent themfelves; on which grow the laurel (magnolia 
grandiflora,) the beech, the plane tree, the cotton tree, 
birch, prickly leaved holly, and the deciduous holly, 
the wild orange (primus lusitanica,) perfimon, wild 
fwamp whortle-berry, and dwarf palmetto. A foil fo 

productive 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 9 1 

productive fufEciently denotes its riches. The inunda- 
tions, and flowings of tides, bear to it, and precipitate 
thereon, the fineft and moft fubtle panicles of manure ; 
prefenting a foil of a dark brown loam, with a ftrong 
tenaceous light blue clay underneath, for a depth of 
fifteen or twenty feet, or more ; perfectly inexhaufta. 
ble, and of fo level a nature that where the tides flow, 
a few inches of water can cover the lands for a?ricul- 
tural purpofes. This foil, is of fo impalpable a nature s 
that much of it will difolveinthe mouth, without leav- 
ing a particle of fand upon the tongue. And, in every 
refpecl it is entitled to high consideration, as being the 
fir ft grade of land in the Itate. From the point to where 
the tides flow, the lands become hazardous, by reafon 
of frefhes, which occasionally pour violently down the 
river; but the fwamps continue deep, and excellent ; 
riling in height above the level of the rivers, as one ad- 
vances towards their falls. And in the fame proportion 
their foils are of coarfer texture ; but ftill abundantly 
promoting all the purpofes of vegetation. 

With the fand hills the middle country may be faid 
to commence; ftretching in a belt of from twenty to 
forty miles from Savannah River, to the upper part of 
Pedee River; and thence into North Carolina. In 
general, the land hereabouts is barren, or but triflingly 
productive. The middle grounds between the rivers 
are the higheft, and confequently the moft barren. At 
thefe places fand hills rife one hundred and fifty or two 
hundred feet above the adjacent lands; from whence a 
profpe6t of many miles is prefented over the {unround- 
ing country. And little elfe is to be feen growing on 
them, than pine trees of very ftunted growth, fmall 
fhrub oaks, and one or two fpecies of lupine. Their 
foil is of lo fterile a nature, that in many places it pro- 
duces no grafs to cover it ; and the tracks of any ani- 
mal paffing over it, are difcernible, as if they had been 
"ipon fnow. The low grounds among thefe hills are 

Ji either 



io A VIEW OF 

either extenfive fwamps and bays, or narrow vallies, in- 
to which, the mould from the adjacent high lands have 
been depofited by the rains which run down their fides. 
Hence they become fuitable for agriculture and paf- 
turage, and are principally thofe places, near which fet- 
tlements are effected. Whenever large rivers penetrate 
through thefe lands, there the adjacent foil is of excellent 
quality, favoring the growth of the heavieft timber; 
and is capable of producing from fifty to feventy hum- 
els of Indian corn, and twelve hundred weight or more, 
of cotton in the feed, to each acre. 

In this belt or middle country, the hills of Santee 
arife, perhaps two hundred feet above the lands around 
them. Their foil is a mixture of fand, clay, and gravel; 
producing woods of oak and hickory, and a profusion 
of underwood. They are well calculated for the growth 
of all highland grain, indigo, and cotton ; affording at 
the fame time, fome of the mod beautiful and healthy 
fettlements within the boundaries of the flate. From 
hence the eye may range over a diftance of profpeft, 
acrofs the Wateree and Congaree Rivers on one fide, 
and Black River on the other : the fwamps below, ap- 
pear like an immenfe fhrubbery ; and the far removed 
lands fhew themfelves in an undulating line with the dif- 
tant horizon. From the middle country, the rivers of fe- 
condary fize derive their ftreams ; continuing to run 
until their waters mix with thofe of the Atlantic Ocean. 

Beyond this belt, and from the firft falls of the rivers, 
loofe ftones appear on the ground, and rocks on 
the ridges of land, and at the fides of the rivers. 
Hill and dale alternately rife and fall, as one advances 
towards the mountains. The high lands are covered with 
different kinds of oak, hickory, chinquapin, faflafras, and 
periimon ; interfperfed occafionally with chefnut, and 
Jhort leaved pine. While the low lands {hoot up a growth 
of mulberry, walnut, locuft, fwamp oaks, am, beech, 
elm, and plane trees. Along the declivity of hills, and 

in 



. SOUTH-CAROLINA. «. 

in meadow grounds, flowering fhrubs of lingular appear- 
ance prefent themfelves; and in old fields and open wood- 
lands, wild ftrawberries are abundantly produced. In this 
laffc progreffion, the long mofs (Tillandsia usneoides) is 
no longer ktn ; and the foil changes to a dark and fer- 
tile mould, on a ftratum of reddifh brown tenacious 
clay ; and fometimes it refts on a ftratum of marie. 
The fwellings of land now rife into more fudden and 
towering heights. The currents become rapid ; are 
generally fordable ; and are often oppofed by fcattering 
rocks. The vales are lengthened and embofomed by 
furrotinding hills; and at length the mountains fpring ; 
whofe heights are fometimes hidden by impending 
clouds; or at others remain fuperior to the palling 
ones below. Nature, wife in all her actions, has pro- 
duced thefe, not only for the admiration ; but for the 
ufe of man. By their influences the fources of rivers 
are formed; which run eaftwardly into the Atlantic 
Ocean ; and weftwardly, into the Miffiflippi. 

From this general view of Carolina, it appears, that 
it may be properly divided into Lower, Middle, and 
Upper Country. The foil, the natural growth, and the 
political economy of its inhabitants, add ftrength to this, 
opinion. And, as confidering it in thefe three large de- 
partments, confufion or omiffion may be avoided; the 
following pages will relate to all or each of them, as 
occafion may require. Hence, the lower country will 
comprehend all that part of the ftate, from the fea to the 
fand hills. The middle country, that part begin- 
ning with the fand hills, and ending at the falls of the 
rivers. And the upper country, that part ftretching 
from the falls of the rivers, to the north weftem 
mountains. 

Mountains. 

The mountainous part of South-Carolina, is only ia 
ihe diftricls of Pendleton, Greenville, Spartan burgle, 

B 2 and 



n A VIEW OS 

and York. And in thofe diftri£ts they do not appear to 
beconfufedly placed; but run in regular directions, in 
the extremity of thofe diftrit~ts, towards the boundary 
line. Of thefe the Table Mountain is moft remarka- 
ble ; whether for the fingularity of its appearance, or the 
height of its elevation. This mountain is fituated in 
Pendleton diftricl, a little weftward of the fouth fork of 
Saluda River : and about four or five miles from the 
northern boundary of this flate. Its height taken by 
trigonometrical obfervation, from William Reid's farm 
at fix miles dillancr, fubtends an angle of fix degrees : 
•which gives the height of the mountain from thence 
1,056 yards, or 3,168 feet. Table mountain is fo called 
from a fancied refemblance of one of its fides, to the 
leaf of a table let down ; or as others fay, becaufe of 
its level furface. 1 his fide is an abrupt precipice of 
folid rock, called the " Lover's Leap," which cannot 
be lefs than three hundred yards deep; and is fo perpen- 
dicular, that if a traveller would rifle his fafety to at- 
tempt it, he may detach a (lone with his foot, and fee it 
fall perpendicularly, until it {hike the bottom of the 
precipice. The valley below is equally deep and fpa- 
cious; making the height of the chafm from thence, to 
be not lefs than from fix to eight hundred yards. A 
fummit like this, prefents a grand and unufual appear, 
ance: and in all probability is not lefs than 4,300 feet 
above the level of the Atlantic Ocean. From hence, 
the view northwardly is for the moft part obftrucled 
by the Apalachean Mountains. In a few directions how- 
ever, one mav fee over them ; and perceive the Pigeon 
Mountains at' a great diflance, in the flate of TennefTee. 
To the eaft and fouth eaft the eye may range without 
any other controul, than what the unerring laws of na- 
ture have ordained in the curvature of the globe. 
Thirty farms or more are hence diftinguifhed by the 
naked eye, at any one view; the mountains wind along 
in elevated majefty ; and roaring cataracts, leaping from 

rock 



SCUTH-CAROLINA. i 3 

rock to rock, batten down .their fides, to run with more 
gentle ftreams, along the vales below. Thus enjoying 
the fublimeft views which nature can produce; and ele- 
vated far above the common fphere of h nnan life, and 
above all thofe aQions which prove the weaknefs of hu- 
manity, the mind receives a new influence, and the 
heartthrobs, with fenfations before unperceived. Is 
the fpe£tator honeft, and moral ? If fo, he cannot but 
gratefully adore that God, before whofe throne, fancy 
whifpers he has made a nearer approach. Is he the 
citizen of a free, and independent country ? In that 
caf - he mull apprecia'e his freedom Hill more, by his 
elevated fuuation above terreftridl objects; by the un- 
bounded profpecls, which are fpread before him ; by 
the clouds which fweep belo\v him; and by the waters, 
which gravitate haflily to the earth. All of them de- 
monftrating that great firft caufe, by which, fo in- 
comprehenfible a plan is formed, and continued, in 
operation. 

Weftwardofthe Table Mountain, and feparatcd from 
it only by a valley, the Oolenoy lifts his fummit towards 
the heavens ; perhaps fome little higher than the Table 
Mountain. From one of his fides, a cataract of water 
defcends fix or feven hundred feet, which originates the 
molt fouthern head branch of Saluda River. The road 
to the fummit of the Table Mountain, palfes not {Vr 
from this fall of water : from whence it is not only 
perceived; but the noife of its motion is diftin&ly heard. 

The Occonnee Mountain is alio fituated in Pendle- 
ton Diftrift, near the head waters of Keow.ee, and 
Tugoloo Rivers. Its fummit is from five to fix hun- 
dred yards above the adjacent country ; and the 
profpeit from it beautiful ; giving an extenhve view of 
Georgia, and a long range of the Cherokee Mountains. 
Acrofs this mountain runs the prefent temporary boun- 
dary line between South-Carolina and the Cherokee ; 
and many have been the warlike expeditions, which have 

traver fed 



i 4 A VIEW 0£ 

traverfed this region. The path over this mountain, 
has been crooked and ftraight, bloody and clean ; (ac- 
cording to the Indian talks ;) as war, or peace, have 
had the greater influence. Indian nations, for ages, re- 
iided in this part of the ftate ; from whom embaffies 
were often vifiting its government ; delivering talks, 
which fill up great parts of the council books. Here 
lived the lower Cherokee in the different Towns of 
Eleneka, Keowee, Euftafte, Toxaway, Kulfage, Oufti- 
nare, Socony, Eftatoe, Warachy, Noewee, Conorofs, 
Tomaffe, and Cheohee ; befides many others, whole 
names are now entirely forgotten-. And here, in the mid ft 
of them, near the eaftern bank of the Keowee, ftood Fort 
George, in which a garrifon was long continued, for 
the protection of that part of the ftate. But time has 
fwept away both the one and the other, and fcarcely a 
trace of the fort, or of the towns, is now to be feen. 
Inftead of the fword or the fcalping knife, which were 
often wielded over thefe grounds, and of the war 
whoop's fhrill tone, and the death fong, which often e- 
choed from the mountains, implements of husbandry are 
the only weapons which ftrike the foil; and the cheerful 
fong of the huibandman, the beft mufic of its glades. 
Since the year 1777, thefe Cherokee have retired be- 
yond the Occonnee Mountain ; where occafionally a 
guard has been {rationed to prevent their incurfions into 
this ftate. Bat they have become more civilized, and 
enter more into the bufinefs of trade; hence their in- 
terests require that a friendly intercourfe mould be 
continued with the citizens of the United States, and 
confequently it has become unneceffary to continue 
any longer the guard at that ftation. 

Paris's Mountain is not fo high as the Occonnee, but 
the profpect from it is not lefs pleafing. It is fituated 
in Greenville diftrict, five miles above the court houfe, 
rifing above the plains below, on a crefcent-like bafe. 
From every fide 3 the country is overlooked, as far 

as 



souths arolina; i S 

as the eye can reach, except where it is bounded by the 
North Weftern Mountains. From hence the Table 
Mountain is in full view, at the diftance of twenty four 
miles, prefenting his fleep rocky front, to the firft rays 
of the riling fun. The Glafiey, the Hog-back, the 
Tryon, and King's Mountains, are alfo feen from this 
beautiful elevation : while countlefs farms furround it 
below on every fide. From one of its fides, the Reedy 
River, derives its fource, and from the other the Enoree 
bends its courfe, until its waters are mixed in Broad 
River. Much iron ore is in this mountain, and its 
vicinity 5 a fmall fpecimen of gold is faid to have been 
found here, and a fulphur fpring of ftrong powers, is 
near the bafe of its eaftern fide. 

Not far from the boundary line of Greenville and 
Spartanburgh diftricls, the GlaiTey and Hog-back Moun- 
tains are fituated. The firft is fo called from many 
precipices of rock on its fides, which reflecting the light 
of the fun, aflume a fliining appearance. The latter is 
called the Hog-back, becaufe its fummit is fuppofed to 
referable the back of that animal. From thefe Moun- 
tains, flow thole waters, which form the different 
branches of Tiger and Pacolet rivers. 

Stretching on eaftwardly, King's Mountains appear on 
the confines of this flate, in York diftrict.. Hiftory, has 
noticed them as the ground where Colonel Fergufon 
commanding a corps of Britifh troops, was defeated, and 
taken, by untrained American militia, during the re- 
volutionary war. And the milder purfuits of peaceful 
induftry, have there found the only real lime ft one rock 
which is in this ftate; from which excellent lime is made, 
for the confumption of Hill and Hayne y s iron works, 
fituated on Allifon's creek, fourteen miles from thence. 

The trees and fTirubs which grow on thefe mountains, 
are generally different kinds of oak and hickory ; chef- 
nut, fome cedar, fhort leaved pine, locuft, forret 
tree, chinquapin and fafTafras. The foil of the Table 

Mountain 



16 * A VIEW Of 

Mountain is peculiarly good; encouraging an abundant 
growth of young papaw, and other Ihrubs; with a pro* 
lu!;on of excellent grafs ; infomuch that horfes are dri- 
ven there to graze. The foil of the other mountains is 
more fter'de and ftony. Beautiful rivulets of the pureft 
vater, fpring almost, from the fummits of the Oc- 
connee and Table Mountains. For the red flowering 
•locuft, the mountain laurel, the auriculated magnolia, 
ginfeng;, kalmia, and other elegant flowering fhrubs, the 
curious botanift has already noted the former :* and the 
beautiful and fragrant yellow honeyfuckle, or wood- 
bine, which Jgitiws On the rocks on the fouthern fide of 
Faris's Mount;;: ;■ « ^i i .K me, e ridearit to all thofe, who 
take pleafure in .dwelling of? rib ft cfcgjttit productions 
ot nature. 

From this divert ; m foil ?>.d uta^son in South-Ca» 
folina, it neceffarily iv.lu1ts fctiat, there is a diverlity of 
temperature in its climate. The upper country from 
its high and dry fituation, and its near affinity to the 
mountains, poffeffes a dry elaftic atmofphere, extreme- 
ly conducive to health. Where the heats of the day 
during fummer, are not oppreffive; and the nights 
are fvcceeded by coolnefs, inviting to repofe. The 
middle country partakes of the climate of the upper and 
lower country, as influenced by fituation. The lower 
country, from many caufes, differs materially from the 
other diftricls. 

Continually interfered by multitudes of fwamps, 
bays, and low grounds; and having large refer- 
voirs of water, and rice fields at particular times over- 
flowed, the elafticity of the atmofphere is weakened ; 
and its tonic power thereby reduced. A£ied on by the 
rays of the fun, and indifferently expofed to the aclion 

of 

* See Bartranis Travels, pages 333, 334* 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. if 

of the winds, the waters, thus fpread over the face of 
the country, become unfriendly to health, and acquire 
fome degree of mephitic influence. While fo great ari 
evaporation is occalioned by the fun, and the perfpira- 
tion of vegetables, as to faturate the atmofphere with a 
profufion of humidity ; precipitating either in heavy 
rains or in copious dews. Hence fogs of much denfity 
cover the low lands throughout the night, during the 
fu miner months; which are difpelled in the morning by 
the riling fun, or agitating winds. When fucn is the 
fituation of the lower country, it is not furprifing that 
the months particularly influenced by heat, fhould be 
checquered by ficknefs to thofe who imprudently ex- 
pofe themfelves to the cold damps of the night, or to 
the feverifh heats of the day. And accordingly from 
June to November, we find intermittent fevers attended 
with fits of the ague, prevailing throughout the middle 
and lower country, in thofe parts adjacent to frei'h wa- 
ter. The heavy rains generally commence in June and 
July ; and until their waters have become in fome mea- 
sure ftagnant, and putrefaction be produced, the health 
of the lower country is not particularly affected. But 
when weeds and vegetables be arrived at their ranked 
growth, and putrefa6tions be much excited by the ope- 
rations of heat and moifture, the atmofphere becomes 
hurtful to the animal fyftem. Like effects being pro- 
duced by the fame cauies in Georgia and Eaft Florida; 
winds from thofe countries in autumn, are much charged 
with mephitic qualities. Hence South-welt wardly winds 
in fummer produce a feverilh degree of heat, highly en- 
crealing all billions fevers, and therefore, much to be 
deplored. At thefe times, many reptiles and infects are 
produced; which require ftagnant waters for their origin- 
ation. Among which none are fo troublefome as mul- 
titudes of mufquitoes, throughout all places adjacent to 
water in the lower country. Thefe feem, in fome mea- 
fure, to ftmn the day; but during the night they are par- 

G ticulariy 



i8 A VIEW OF 

ticularly teazing to all thofe "who pretend to deep ex- 
pofed to their attacks. And no perfon can lie down 
■with any profpecl of a comfortable nights repofe, unlefs 
guarded from them by a gauze pavillion placed over his 
bed. For which purpofe pavillions are generally ufed 
in fummer, throughout the lower country. 

Although fituated in the temperate, yet by its near 
affinity with the torrid zone, South-Carolina is placed 
in a fituation, which expofes her to the conflicts of ele- 
ments, in a greater degree than fome more northern 
iiates. To the fouthward, the atmofphere is continu- 
ally rarified by the action of a burning fun ; and a 
denfer atmofphere from the northward, has a conft&nt 
tendency of ruffling towards that point, and reftoring 
the equilibrium. Thus overcharged by tiie momentum 
of air drawn towards it, a re-action again takes place to 
northern latitudes. And hence a conitant warfare of 
elements, which are continually in motion, like eddies 
wheeling along the edge of a rapid current. To this 
caufe may be afcribed the deflxuctive whirlwinds, which 
fometimes lay wafte parts of the country : one of which 
is defcribed by Doctor Chalmers in the following man- 
ner: 

" About ten o'clock in the morning, on the 4th of 
May, 1764, a dreadful whirlwind was faid to be ob- 
ferved in the Indian country, above three hundred miles 
to the weftward of Charleftown; which, between one and 
two in the afternoon of the fame day, was feen ap- 
proaching us very fail in a direct line, and not three 
miles from the town. But when it had advanced to the 
diftance of about half a mile from us, it was providen- 
tially oppofed by another whirlwind, which came from' 
the north-eaft; and croffing the point of land on which 
Charleftown fiands, the mock of their junction was fo 
great as to alter the direction of the former fomewhat 
more towards the fouth, whereby great part of this 
place was preferved from inevitable deilruetion. It 

then 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. i 9 

thenpafled down Afhley river with fuch rapidity and vio- 
lence, that in a few minutes it reached Rebellion Road, 
where a large fleet of loaded veffels with one of his 
majefty's (hips, their convoy, lay, about four or five 
miles below the town, ready to fail for England ; three 
of Which were overfet and funk fo fuddenly, that fome 
people who happened to be in one of their cabbins had 
not time to come on deck ; and many of the other 
fhips, which, luckily, did not lie fo immediately expof- 
ed to the greateft fury of ihe tempeft, would have ihared 
the fame fate, had not their mails given way j for all 
thofe it paffed over, were laid down on their fides : and 
the mizen-maft of the king's fhip, was carried off clofe 
to the quarter-deck, as fmoothly as if it had been cut 
with a faw. 

" As people fat at dinner that day, they were alarmed 
with an unufual fort of Running noife, as of the ruffling 
of many drums, intermixed with fuch a roaring, thun- 
dering, churning or dafhing found, as the fea makes, in 
breaking on a hollow rocky fhore, during a violent 
florin ; when, on running out of doors, the tremend- 
ous cloud was feen advancing at a great rate, with a quick 
circular motion, its contents feeming in a violent agita- 
tion, from the great tumult that appeared, not only in 
the body of the column itfelf, but, likewife from the 
contiguous clouds which drove rapidly towards it from 
all directions, as if the whole contents of the atmof- 
phere flowed thither, and were inftantly abforbed by it. 
Hence it was, that this meteor every moment appeared 
fo differently; fome parts of it being black and dark at 
times; others of a flame colour; and again, as if vaft 
waves of the fea had rifen into the air. But fuch was 
the perturbation in the cloud, that thefe phcenomena 
varied continually; all parts of it rolling over each other 
in the molt confufed and rapid manner; and every now 
and then, large branches of trees might be feen hurled 
about in it. Its diameter was thought to be about 300 

C 2 yards j 



20 A VIEW OF 

yards, and the height 30 degrees ; a thick vapour 
emitted from it riling much higher. In pairing along, it 
carried the waters of the river before it, in the form of 
a mountainous wave; fo that the bottom was feen in 
many places. Such floods of water fell on thofe parts 
over which it paffed, as if a whole fea had been dif- 
charged on them at once ; and for a mile or two 
on each fide of it, abundance of rain fell. As the 
wind ceafed prefently after the whiilwind paffed, the 
branches and leaves of various forts of trees, which had 
been carried into the air, continued to fall for half an 
hour; and in their defcent, appeared like flocks of birds 
of different fizes. A gentleman, over whole plantation 
the fkirt of this {form palled, not more than two miles 
from Charlefiown, affured me, that had a thoufand ne- 
groes been employed for a whole day in cutting down 
his trees, they could not have made fuch a wafle of 
them, as this whirlwind did in lefs than half a minute. 
Such trees as were young and pliant, ftooped to its vio- 
lence, and afterwards recovered themfelves. But all 
thofe, which were more inflexible, and firmly rooted, 
were broken off, and hurled away : fo that no part of 
many of them could afterwards be found ; amongft 
which were fome live oaks of near two feet diameter, 
the wood of which is known to be aimoft as ponderous 
and hard as lignum vitce ; fo that fome of thefe trees, 
mult have weighed, perhaps more than two tons. Yet 
heavy as they were, no remains of them could after- 
wards be found any where, except the roots, which 
were fixed in the earth." Thefe whirlwinds more often 
proceed through the upper country, fome times in a 
width of half a mile, tearing up the largeft oaks and 
other trees in their way ; or twilling and fhivering them 
to pieces. 

Storms of hail are alfo produced, whofe effects have 
been deftruftive to different parts of the fxate. The 
hills on either fide of the Catawba River, near Rocky 

Mount 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. - g< 

Mount, can teftify the feverity of one which happened 
there fome years ago. The difcharge of hail ftones 
was fo heavy and large, that the pine trees, which were 
juft putting out buds in the fpring, and were interfperf- 
ed amongft the oaks and hickories on the hills, were 
completely killed; and exhibit a wild, and in windy 
weather, an awful appearance, to any one who may be 
travelling amongft them, whilft they are rocking to and 
fro, and fucceffively falling down. Fields of wheat, 
and other grain, were beaten to pieces and deftroyed; 
and hail ftones remained in the v allies for many days. In 
April 1793, a limilar ftorm fwept through part of O- 
rangeburgh and Ninety-fix di Uriels. And in 1797, one 
paffed along the eaftern fide of Cooper River, lafting 
about half an hour; and depofiting hail ftones three 
inches in circumference, and fix inches in depth on the 
ground. The grain in the fields, and the vegetables in 
the gardens were completely deftroyed ; and birds and 
poultry were killed. The commencement of the year 
1800 was uncommonly cold, and feveral fnows fell 
during the months of January and February ; ibme of 
which covered the grounds of the lower country fix in- 
ches ; and thofe of the upper country two or three feet 
deep; continuing on the latter for fome weeks. During 
this time, a remarkable fleet fell in a vein of' ten or fif- 
teen miles wide, from Broad River towards the Savan- 
nah. It originated large mafTes of ice on the trees. The 
leffer ones it bent to the ground by its weight ; but the 
full grown oaks, hickories, and other foreft trees, which 
did not bend, were broken off in all directions, and the 
ground for miles covered with their ruins. At this time, 
the woods in that part of this ftate, prefent a wild and 
ragged appearance; their tops broken and unfightly ; 
and their roots encumbered with dead fallen branches. 

Such being the cafe, the climate of South-Carolina 
is peculiarly liable to changes of temperature ; where, 
jrj one day, the body is relaxed by heat, and fudden- 



*a A VIEW OF 

ly chilled by unexpected cold. Hence profufe perfpi- 
rations are checked; and unlefs the functions of the 
body be reftored to their proper duties, a courfe of dif- 
orders commences, which fooner or later overcomes the 
powers of life. In tropical climates it is faid, the de- 
grees of heat throughout the year do not vary more 
than fixteen degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer *; 
making thereby little difference betwixt fummer and 
winter. But in the hiftory of this ftate, a variation of 
83 degrees between the heat and cold of different days 
in the fame year, in the fpace of feven monrhs : and of 
46 degrees in the different hours of the fame day, are 
fufficiently indicative of our variability of climate. 

Do&or Chalmers, who publiflied an account of 
.the weather and difeafes of South-Carolina, in the 
year 1766, when fpeaking of the heat incidental to- 
ner climate, mentions, that in the year 1752, he ex- 
pofed a thermometer at the diftance of five feet from 
the ground, to the rays of the fun ; and in fifteen mi- 
nutes, the mercury rofe to the utmoft height of that 
inftrument ; which was graduated to only 120 degrees. 
And would have finally burfh the veffel, had he not 
withdrawn it. And from experiments which he after- 
wards made, he believes the mercury would have rifen 
twenty degrees higher. It does not, however, hence 
follow, that the human body is affecled in a proporti- 
onate degree; as the do&or evinced by placing the ther- 
mometer under his arm, where the mercury fell fix 
degrees lower, than what it flood in the (haded air : and 
it is reafonable, it fhould be fo; as the fame caufe which 
throws off heat from boiling water, by fleam ; may alfo 
expel it from animals, by perfpiration. 

The 
* Mosely on Tropical Diseases. Page 2. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 



*3 






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Ti)e quantity of rain, 'which fell in Charleston, in. seven successive years, 
and part of the Sth, was as follows. 



1-- 
/ ears 


1 


Inches 


j 1'enths 


•795 


! 


7 l 


1 8 


j 796 


I 


58 


1 1 


1797 


1 


55 


! 


1798 


1 


45 


1 * 


1799 


1 


75 


1 4 


1800 


1 


5 1 


1 «> 


1801 


! 


42 


1 9 


jl 802 to 2jth 


March. 


2 


1 



H 



A VIEW OF 



From the above ftatement of heat and cold, in eigfit 
fucceffive years, it appears that in our cooled fummersj 
the thermometer reached 89 ; and in the years 1791, 

*79 2 ' ^-7935 *794? *795> 1 19^>^ 1 797> a " d J 79 8 » it never 
roie above 93, nor fell below 17. In the year 1788, it 
rofe to 96, which is the greatelt heat we know of, fince 
the year 175-- The difference therefore, between our 
cooled and warmeft fummers, at this time, may be fup- 
pofed to range between 89 and 96, and the difference 
of our mildeft and fevereft winters, between 17 and 34. 
In confined iituations, the thermometer has rifen higher ; 
and expofed to the open air in the lliade in winter, it 
has fallen as low, as 13 degrees, in the lower country, 
and in all probability, it would have denoted a greater 
fall of the mercury at thofe times, in the upper parts of 
the ftate. Hence our greatefl heat, is eight, degrees lefs 
than it was near half a century paft, when Doclor 
Chalmers wrote; and our greatefl: cold is one degree 
more. But thefe are the extreme heat and cold of 
particular years; and not the medium heat of any feries 
of years. 

Without going however, into nice clifquifitions, whe- 
ther this ftate be hotter or colder, more dry or more wet, 
than it was fifty years ago; an opinion may be hazard- 
ed, that it is in a ftate of progreffive amelioration, as 
relating to climate. At its firil fettlement, Charlefton 
was faid to be fo unhealthy, in the autumnal months, 
that from June to October, public offices were fhut up> 
and people retired to the country.* Now the reverfe 
happens, and planters come in thofe months to the city. 
But by far the greater number ftill remain in the country 
on their plantations; many of them enjoying as perfect, 
health, as can be found on any part of the globe. From 
the much clearing, and confequent draining of lands 
throughout the ftate 5 the perfpiration of trees and ve- 
getables 

* Chalmers* Political Annals* Page 541- 



SOUTH-CAROLINA; 25 

getables is decreafed ; the waters are quicker directed 
into the channels of the rivers ; and lefs humidity is 
thereby thrown into the atmofphere. Avenues, and 
conductors of greater extent, are thereby promoted ; 
which originate and lead winds over the face of the 
country ; and hence, in all probability, a leffer degree 
of heat in fummer, arid a greater degree of cold in win- 
ter, is perceived. 

Whatever may be the feverity of the feafons at par* 
ticular times, yet it mult be allowed that our climate is 
agreeable, and our winters are remarkably fine. During 
a part of the winter, the mountains at the farthefl boun- 
dary of this date are often covered with fnow': front 
thence to the fca more, fnow but feldom falls, when- 
ever fnow appears in the lower country, it moflly hap- 
pens, in the months of December and January ; covering 
the grounds perhaps not more than an inch, except on 
extraordinary occasions; and thawing with the firft ap- 
pearance of the fun. In thofe months alfo, the greateft 
cold is perceivable at times; the ground is bound up 
with a pinching froft; which, in fhady places, will not 
be thawed for feveral days ; and the waters of ponds 
are then fo frozen over, as fometimes to permit Aiding, 
and even fkating on the ice. But this is only for a few 
days, and the weather breaks up mild and warm ; fo as to 
render fires unneceflary during the middle of the day. 
Throughout the winter thefe changes from heat to cold 
are continually taking place, thereby more fentibly af- 
fecting the feelings of the inhabitants ; than where the 
feafons are more gradual, and the cold of longer conti- 
nuance. In February, the weather is oftentimes rainy, 
and may be called uncertain; as fometimes it offers 
calm, clear, and fine growing weather; and fuddenly, 
the expectations of an early fpring, are retarded by a 
north weft wardly wind, inducing fevere froft. The ve- 
getation, however, may be faid to commence in Febru- 
ary; at this time, the red flowering maple is in full 
bio Horn ; followed foon after by the willow and the alder,, 

D the 



2 6 A VIEW OF 

The plumb and peach trees, now foon put forth their 
bloffoms : and nature foon clothes herfelf in cheerful 
verdure. In March and April the planters' and far- 
mers' induftry commences, the planting feafons conti- 
nuing until June. From that time, during July and 
Auguft, the heats increafe ; and in thefe two latter 
months, the heavy rains fet in, attended at times with 
fe\ ere thunder and lightning. In September, the even- 
ings and mornings are chilly ; but the fun is extremely 
powerful, in the middle of the day. The equinoctial 
influences are alio at hand ; ftorms of rain are produced, 
accompanied fometimes with hurricanes, which fweep 
along the coafts. The leaves of deciduous trees, are 
now continually falling, and nature, by degrees, aifumes 
the fober drefs of winter. In Oclober, the weather is 
generally mild and clear; hoar froffcs beginning to make 
their appearance towards the latter end of this month; 
with them alfo, the fevers and agues, originated by the 
heats of fummer, difappear. The cold comes on in 
December, and the vegetation is checked, until the re- 
turning fpring. Thus the year is clofed, in a manner 
peculiar to the varying climate of South-Carolina. 

There appears too much feverity in our winters, for 
the mod delicate fruits of fouthcrn latitudes, although 
our fummers be well adapted to their growth. Hence 
fugar-cane, ginger, bread-fruit, pine-apple, and banana 
trees, cannot endure the feverities of our winters, al- 
though they grow vigoroufly during our fummers. O- 
ranges, lemons, limes, olives, pomegranates, and figs, 
are however in fome meafure naturalized to our foil; 
and although the fevere frofts, which fometimes happen 
in winter, occafionally deftroy their ftems ; yet they ge- 
nerally fpring from the root with the approach of fum- 
mer. Thus expofed to a greater degree of cold than 
many countries in our latitude poflefs, and having a 
fummer heat which approaches near to that of many 
tropical countries, our climate prefents a mixture of 

temperature ; 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 27 

temperature ; (likable to many productions of the ri- 
cheft countries or the earth. Hence thofe of the Ma- 
deira I (lands, all countries bordering on the Mediterra- 
nean fea, Pedia, India, China, Japan, and the North 
Weft Coaft of America, may piobably be fuccefsfully 
introduced into it. And, although many of them may 
be deftroyed by the fudden colds of winter; yet any 
of them fuccecding is an advantage, worthy the atten- 
tion of thole who wifh well to the intcreits of their 
country. 

Diseases. 

It has been faid, that bilious remitting, and inter- 
mitting fevers, have encreafed with the clearing of its 
lands, as tending to lead more fpeedily over them ex- 
halations of marsh mias-mata*. And although this in 
fome meafure may be true; an hope is indulged that it 
is only the confequence of freeing new lands, by cul- 
tivation, from vapours which have been long confined 
in them. When thele mail have been exhaled, and the 
earth recovered from its fournefs to a proper ft ate of 
cultivation, this evil will probably be remedied. Fevers- 
and agues are prevalent during the fummer and autumn 
in the lower country ; as they are in many other parts of 
the middle and upper country in low fuuations, ad- 
jacent to fwamps and waters. But all the high lands 
may be called healthy; and fettlements made in the 
dry pine barrens, have been found advantageous in 
this refpeel, to many planters, whofe wifhes lead rhem 
to refide in the country throughout the year. What 
are the difeafes throughout the Mate, in general, may be 
fomewhat afcertained, by enquiring into thofe inciden- 
tal to Charlefton and its vinicity : making always an 
allowance for a change of fituation, from a wet and 
low foil, to a dry and high one. The typhus icterodes, 
or putrid bilious or yellow fever, is however particular- 

D 2 ly 

* See a Sketch of the Soil, Climate, Weather and Diseases of South-Cardina,. 
by David Ramiay,. m. d. Fm^c 21. 



$8 A VIEW OF 

lv local to Charlefton ; and is not known, to have ori? 
ginated in the country. To the natives and long in- 
habitants of this city, it has not yet been injurious. 
.But to thofe who come from the country, during the 
autumnal feafon, or who have not been accuftomed to 
fpend the fall months in Charleflon ; or to foreigners at 
their firft arrival, it is particularly dreadful ; and many 
are thofe who fall victims to its fatal influence. At 
this day*, the opinions of the learned ■differ refpectifig 
its origin and ciii'e; its violence often bailies the aid of 
ynedicine; and renders hopeiefs the expectations of 
ftnfbility. But Providence has, directed all things by 
general laws : and although this fcourge be felt with ri- 
gour fome years, yet in others, it is fcarcely perceived. 

A TABLE of the Diseases that occurred in Charleston, from 1791. H 
1795, in the praclice of the Members of the Medical Society, and en- 
tered by them on their Journal. 



\ \ I79J i l 79* I 1793 1 ' I 79+" *795 


January. 


Catarrhal 

fevers. 

Anginas. 


Catarrhal 

fevers. 

Meafles. 


' Catarrhal 
and Inter- 
mittent fe- 
vers. 

Angina ul- 
cerofa. 


Catarrhal 
fevers. 

Hooping- 
cough. 


Meafles. 

Catarrhal 

fevers. 


< 

D 

w 


Catarrhal 

fevers. 

Small-pox. 

Meafles. 

Anginas. 


Catarrhal 
and rheu- 
matic fe- 
vers. 
Scarlatina 
anginofa. 


Catarrhal 
and rheu- 
matic fe- 
vers. 
Scarlitina 
anginofa. 


Small -poxl 
Hooping- 
cough. 
Catarrhal 
fevers. 
Anginas. 


Catarrhal 

and miliary 

fevers. 

Meafles. 



< 
2! 


Small-pox 
Meafles. 


Catarrhal 
fevers, 

Small-pox 
Meafles. 

Angina ul- 
cerofa. 


Catarrhal 
fevers. 

Anginas. 
Small-pox. 
Dyfentery 


Small pox." 
Anginas. 
Catarrhal 

fevers. 
Hooping- 
cough. 


Catarrhal 

and miliary 

fevers. 

Meafles. 


as 
ft. 


Small-pox 
Meafles. 
Diarrhoea 

of infant;. 
Scarlatina 
anginofa. 


Small -pox. 

Meafles. 

Diarrhoea 
of infants. 

> 


Small-pox 

Meafles. 

Diarrhcea 

of infants 


Miliary fe- 
vers, 
Small -pox. 

Meafles. 
Dyfentery 


Meafles. 
Catarrhal 

fevers. 
Pleurifies. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 



29 



1791 J 1792 1793 I "'794 



795 



< 



Small-pox. 

Meafles. 

Angina ul- 

cerofa. 

Diarrhcea 
of infants. 



imall-pox. 
Mealies. 
Hooping- 
cough. 
Cholera 
morbus. 
Dyfentery 
of infants 



Small-pox. 
Anginas. 
Hooping- 
cough. 
Catarrhal 

fevers. 
Dyfentery. 



Small-pox. 

Hooping- 
cough. 
Bilious re- 
mittent and 

intermit- 
tent fevers 



Meafles. 
Catarrhal 

fevers. 
Pleuriiies. 
Diarrhcea. 



Small-pox 
Meafles. 
Dyfentery. 
Diarrhcea. 
Intermit- 
tent fevers, 



Small-pox. 

Meafles. 
Dyfentery. 

Intermit- 
tent fevers 



SmalJ-pox 
Diarrhcea 
Dyfentery. 

Hooping- 
cough. 

Intermit- 
tent fevers; 

Anginas. 



Intermit- 
tent fev sr$n 
Diarrhcsa. 
Dyfentery. 
Smail-pox. 
Hooping- 
cough. 



Hooping- 
cough. 
Diarrhoea. 
Dyfentery 
Intermit- 
tent fevers 



o 

< 



Small-pox. 

Meafles. 
Dyfentery. 
Diarrhcea. 

Intermit- 
tent fevers 

Scarlatina 

aneinofa. 



Small-pox, 
Dyfentery. 
Meafles. 
Intermit- 
tent fevers. 
Scarlatina. 



Small -pox. 

Hooping- 
cough. 

Intermit- 
tent fevers 

Mumps. 



fy phus 
clerodes. 
Small-pox. 
Dyfentery 
and diarr- 
hcea of in- 
fants. 
Hooping- 
cough. 



Small-pox. 
Hooping- 
cough. 
Intermit- 
tent fevers. 
Dyfentery. 
Meafles. 



Bilious in- 
termittent 

fevers. 

Small-pox. 

Catarrhal 

fevers. 
Dyfentery 
and Diarr- 
hcea. 
Meafles. 



Intermit- 
tent fevers 
Catarrhal 
fevers. 
Meafles. 
Angina ul 
cerofa, 
Croup. 



Typhus 

ifterodes. 

Catarrhal 

fevers. 

Rheuma- 

tifms. 

Small pox. 

Meafles. 



Hooping- 
cough, 

Intermit- 
tent fevers. 
Dyfentery. 

Diarrhcea. 



Small-pox. 
Hooping- 
cough. 
Diarrhoea 
md dyfen- 
tery. 
Typhus 
itterodes. 



Fevers. 
Dyfentery 
Hooping- 
cough. 



Typhus 
i&erodes. 
Catarrhal 
and rheu- 
matic fe- 
vers. 
Dyfentery. 
Hooping- 
co r h. 



Catarrhal 
fevers. 



Typhus 
i&erodes, 
Intermit- 
tent fe- 
vers. 



. Typhus 
i£terodes. 
Rheumatic 
fevers. 



3«> 



A VIEW OF 






1791 


""1792 | 1793 1794 1795 


M 

n 
o 

H 

o 
O 


Catarrhal 

fevers. 

Spafmodic 

colics 
Intermit- 
tent fevers. 
Meafles. 


Intermit- 
tent fevers. 

Croup. 
Small-pox* 


Catarrhal 
fevers. 
Scarlatina. 
Intermit- 
tent fevers. 


Typhus 
itterodes. 
Catarrhal 
and inter- 
mittent fe- 
vers. 
Hooping- 
cough. 


Typhus 
idterodes. 
Catarrhal 
and inter- 
mittent fe- 
vers. 


o5 

w 
m 

w 

> 
o 


Croup. 
Scarlatina 
anginofa. 


Small-pox. 

Hooping- 
cough. 

Intermit- 
tent fevers. 


Hooping- 
cough. 

Catarrhal 
fevers. 


Meafles. 
Catarrhal 
fevers. 
Anginas. 
Intermit- 
tent fevers 
Quinfey. 


Typhus 
ifterodes. 
Intermit- 
tent and ca- 
tarrhal fe- 
vers. 


w 
ca 
S 

w 
o 


Meafles. 
Angina ul • 

cerofa. 
Pleurifies. 
Catarrhal 

fevers. 


intermit- 
tent fevers 
Angina ui- 

cerofa. 
Catarrhal 

fevers. 
Dyfentery. 
Small-pox. 


Hooping- 
cough. 
Intermit- 
tent and ca- 
tarrhal fe- 
vers. 


Meafles. 

Catarrhal 

fevers. 


Catarrhal 
fevers. 



Rivers, Lakes, and Water Courses. 

Nature has been peculiarly bountiful in directing 
"water courfes throughout South-Carolina : hence, few 
countries are better interfered with rivers, for the tranf- 
portation of articles, or for purpofes of irrigation. 

Savannah River, whofe waters bound nearly all her 
fouthern frontier, is bold and deep : and its navigation 
extends from the fea to Augufta for boats of feventy 
tons. At this place the falls of the river commence. 
Beyond it the navigation is continued for fixty miles, 
to Vienna, for boats of thirty tons or more : from 
whence at a fmall expenfe it is contemplated to open 
the navigation up to Anderfon-Ville 3 at the confluence 
of Tugoloo and Keowee Rivers, 

Santee 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 3< 

Santee River, with the waters which flow into it, 
is nearly of equal length with the Savannah. Its na- 
vigation, extends from the fea to the fork of the Congaree 
and Watteree Rivers : thence up the Watteree to Cam- 
den on one fide; and up the Congaree to Granby on 
the other, for boats of feventy tons. At thefe places 
the falls and rapids of the rivers commence ; above 
which they infinitely branch out into the country. At 
times they are obltrucled by rocks; beyond which, 
for fome miles, the current is gentle and deep. In 
light boats, however, and full rivers, feveral hogfheads 
of tobacco have been brought down their itreams with 
fafety. 

Like thefe two rivers, the Pedee alfo ftretches from 
the fea towards the mountains; courfing through the 
northern parts of this (late. Its free navigation extends 
from the fea to Greenville, for boats of ieventy tons ; 
and from thence to Chatham, for boats of lefier draught. 
Here the navigation is impeded by rocks and mallows ; 
although in full rivers, boats of light burden, defcend 
with the ftream from North-Carolina. 

Thefe large rivers, by innumerable branches, fpread 
themfelves throughout all the upper country; and con- 
fequently intercept all the waters which flow from the 
mountains. Some of the branches, which they thus 
throw forth, are wider than the rivers themfelves. For 
inftance, Broad River, in fome places, is more than a 
quarter of a mile wide ; and the Catawba in width is 
often three or four hundred yards ; while the Santee, 
into which they empty themfelves, is rarely more than 
from two to three hundred yards wide ; and, in fome 
places is confined in narrows, not exceeding eighty or 
ninety yards. Keowee, and Tugoloo, are alfo large 
branches of Savannah River ; the firft being for miles 
above their confluence, two hundred yards wide : and 
the latter, fpreading itfelf over greater fpace. Hence, 
when the accumulated waters of rain and fiiow pour 

down 



3« 



A VIEW OF 



down their channels, the adjacent low lands and inter- 
vals are overflowed with defrruclive frefhes. As 
early as the year 1701, we are informed by Mr. Law- 
fon in his Hiftory of Carolina, of a great inundation 
which poured down Santee River at that time; riling 
perpendicularly thirty-fix feet. And, in January, 1796, 
a fimilar one came down the fame river; ever to be 
remembered by the mifchief it effetled. No bridge 
could withftand the fury of its torrent; rendered more 
impetuous by the weight of large trees and houfes, 
which were borne down by its ftream. A wooden 
bridge over Broad River, a few miles above Columbia; 
and another (the third of the kind, which Mr. Wade 
Hampton with great perfeverance had caufed to be 
erected near that place) about {'ewQn hundred feet long, 
over the Congaree river at Granby, upwards of forty 
feet high above the common level of the river, and 
many of whofe piers were fattened by iron bolts into 
folid rock at the bottom of the river, were fwept away 
in the general ruin. At Granby, the tobacco ware houfe 
was deitroyed ; together with one hundred and fifty 
hogfheads of tobacco which were therein. The Cam- 
dem tobacco ware houfe, on the banks of the Watteree 
river, met the fame fate. Dwelling houfes, corn houfes, 
cattle, horfes, and hogs, were carried down by the vi- 
olence of the current; and vail beds of fand, were ftreWn 
over fertile tracts offwamp land, to their irreparable 
injury. The collected waters, of almoft all the rivers 
in the upper country, at length, effected a junction at the 
confluence of the Watteree and Congaree rivers; pour- 
ing down their confolidated turbid Itream, with deitruc- 
tive velocity ; riling at the rate of three inches an hour, 
and continuing to rife for fome days. At this time, the 
current in a great degree fwept directly down the 
fwamp, in a width in fome places, more than five miles 
from the high pine lands on either fide; undirected by 
the courfe of the river where it made a bend acrofs the 

fw amp ; 



SOUTH-C^kOLINA, gj. 

fwamp ; and only following it when the dire&ion was 
with the ftream. Much provifion was deftroyed; thou- 
fands of bufhels of Indian corn, and many hundred bar- 
rels of rice. Some of the negro houfes, of the lower plan- 
tations on Santee, were torn up, and were carried by 
the torrent entirely out to fea. Rice plantations, within 
a few miles of the ocean, and on the bed pitch of tide, 
were overflowed for near a week; the water being from 
two to three feet above the rice field banks; during 
which time the ebbing of the tides, for the firft days, 
was fcarcely perceivable. This great flood, infinuated 
itfelf on one fide, between Cat I Hand and the main, and 
entered Georgetown Bay, between Cat and Ford's 
Iilands; on the other fide, it flowed into Hell-hole 
Swamp; and from thence entered the different bays, 
which communicate with the eaftern branch of Cooper 
River. 

At the fame time a fimilar flood poured down Sa- 
vannah River, laying the town of Augufta, in Georgia, 
generally two feet under water, and damaging goods 
therein to a large amount. It tore away an extenfive 
bridge near eight hundred feet long, belonging to Mr. 
Wade Hampton, which had been thrown over that ri- 
ver from South-Carolina; and carried deftruftion and 
difmay before it, quite down to the town of Savannah. 
The height of this freffi, was fuppofed to be from thirty- 
five to f »rty feet at Augufta, above its common level. 
And at Granby, and Camden^ the height of the waters 
in the Congaree and Watteree Rivers, mart; have been 
nearly at the fame elevation.* Juft above the conflu- 
ence of North and South Santee, the water was twenty 
one feet above the common level. A fcene like this 
affected the belt lands in the ftate, and wound up ihe 
feelings of a multitude of inhabitants, to a great degree. 
It brought lofs and diftrefs to individuals; and the well 
earned profpecis of a year's induilry, were either fwept 

E awayj 

* See note I. in the Appendix- 



34 



A VIEW OF 



away, or were rotted and injured beyond the pofnbility 
of recovery. Thefe frefhes are loaded with abundance of 
fand and mud, which according to their different gravis 
ties, precipitate with the courfe of the ftream, and the 
finer particles are even carried into the Atlantic Ocean. 
Hence many leagues from fhore, the fea water lofes its- 
azure colour and gives evident figns of foundings, to na- 
vigators on the coaft. While, along the eaftern fhores 
of thefe United States, the waters of the ocean are 
limpid; even in the very mouths of the rivers. 

Edifto River is mallow, and incapable of being 
navigated far up its ftream, by boats of heavy burden. 
In a full river, the navigation of its northern branch is 
open as far as Orangeburgh; and its fouthern branch 
is alfo navigable fome miles, until it be interrupted by 
many iflands and fhoals, which at one place are thickly 
fcattered in the river. When the river is low, it is 
fordable at Parker's Ferry about thirty five miles from 
the fea; where, during our revolutionary war, field 
pieces were dragged acrofs its channel. This river 
takes its rife in the middle country, from the ridge of 
high land, which lies between the Congaree and Savan- 
nah Rivers. Black River, alfo takes its rife in the 
middle country, from the High Hills of Santee. This 
river winds through the intermediate fpace of country, 
between Santee River and Lynch's Creek ; and having 
formed a junction with Pedee River, juft above George- 
town, their united waters are emptied into Georgetown 
Bay. Its navigation for fchooners and (loops extends 
many miles up its ftream; and for flat bottomed boats, 
flats, and rafts, as far as its forks. Beyond, its channels 
admit fmall boats fome diftance, until they be obftruft- 
ed by logs and fhoals. Thefe rivers, like all others 
whofe branches terminate in high lands, are fubjeB: to 
frefhes. 

Shorter rivers, but wider at their mouths, are the 
Combahee, Afhepoo, Stono, Afh-ley, Cooper, Wando^ 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 35 

and Waccamaw. Combahee River; rifes in the Salt- 
catcher fwamp, in Barnwell diftricl, at the commence- 
ment of the middle country. Its navigation for fchoon- 
ers and veffels is about thirty miles, and it empties 
itfelf through St. Helena Sound, into the Atlantic 
Ocean. 

Afhepoo Kiver fprings from fwamps in the low 
country, and empties itfelf into the fame found; its 
navigation being nearly of the fame extent. 

Stono River takes its rife in the fwamps of the low 
country ; and empties itfelf into the ocean, between 
Keywaw Ifland and Coffin Land. Its navigation ex- 
tends a few miles above Rantoll's and Wallace's bridges. 

Afhley River fprings from the Cyprefs, and other 
fwamps, towards Monk's Corner in the lower country ; 
and empties itfelf into Charlefton harbour, at the fouth- 
ern fide of the city. Its width, oppoiite Charlefton, is 
about two thoufand one hundred yards; and its ftream 
is not much narrowed for feveral miles. Its navigation 
for fea velfels extends fome miles; and for floops and 
fchooners as far as Bacon's Bridge. On the weftern 
bank of this river, the firft efficient fettlement of the 
ftate was made at a place called Old Town, or Old 
Charlejiown ; and for fome years, the government was 
diftributed from thence. 

Cooper River, originates in Biggin and other fpamps, 
in the lower country ; and after courfing in a number 
of beautiful meanders, it empties into Charlefton har- 
bour, along the eaftern fide of the city ; where its 
breadth, is about fourteen hundred yards. Its naviga- 
tion extends, upwards, to Watboo Bridge, for fchoon- 
ers and floops, in a winding courfe of perhaps fifty 
miles ; and its eaftern branch is navigable, by like 
veffels, as far as Huger's Bridge. 

Wando River empties itfelf into Cooper River, 
about three miles above Charlefton : Its navigation does 
not extend more than eighteen or twenty miles; a part 
i £ 2 of 



3 6 A VIEW OF 

of which is free for mips and veffels of heavy burden. 
Beyond its navigation, it is immediately loft in exttn- 
five fwamps. 

Waccamaw river takes its rife in the lower parts of 
North-Carolina; running through the north eaftern parrs 
of this ftate, until it empty into Georgetown Bay. This 
river is liable to frefhes ; but not fuch as are injurious 
to planters, unlefs there mould be one at the fame time 
in Pedee River. By the waters of this exteniive river 
the current of Waccamaw river has been forced up in a 
continued ftream, for feveral days, beyond Conway 
Borough. 

Broad, Coofaw, Port Royal, and other (hort rivers 
are more to be confidered as arms of the fea, than as 
rivers of the country. By their various meanderings 
and junctions, they in filiate nearly one fifth part of 
Beaufort diftrift ; forming iflancjs extremely well adapt- 
ed to the culture of cotton and indigo. Their waters 
are deep, and their navigation fuitable to heavy veffels 
of war: hence Broad and Port-Royal Rivers, are fup- 
pofed equal to the fafe accommodation of the largeft 
and molt formidable navy. 

The Bar, or entrance of Broad River, is almoft a 
mile wide; carrying a depth of near twenty-three feet 
at low water. The mouth of this river at the fea, from 
Hilton Head on one iide, to the Hunting Iflands on the 
other, is between feven and eight miles; and it pene- 
trates a wide, and nearly a ftraight com fe, fome diftance 
into the country. In fo much ihat a vefiel runs below 
the vilible horizon, in going up the river, as if fhe were 
at fea. Many rivers alfo, of lefs note, difcbarge their 
waters herein; hence the appellation of bay, would be 
a more appropriate term for this noble expanfe of wa- 
ter, than that by which it is at prefent known of Broad 
River. 

The common tides along the coafts of this ftate, rife 
from fix to eight feet at neap tides j and from eight tp 

ten 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 37 

ten feet at fpring tides; they are however, much influ- 
enced by wind. For a neap tide, with a fouth-eaftward- 
ly wind, is higher than a fpring tide, with a north-wefl- 
wardly one. Along the coaft the depth of fea water 
is from two to five fathoms, to a diftance of Tome miles 
from the more ; of courfe it is to be approached with 
caution, and under the direction of fkiltul pilots. In 
general the tides afcend our rivers as far as thirty or 
thirty five miles, in a direct line from the ocean : this, 
however, is to be underftood, only in thole rivers, whole 
ftreams are not impetuous. For in the Santee, the 
tides do not flow more than fifteen miles in a direct line. 
Although the fwell of flood be perceivable further up 
the river. And the falts are fo kept back, by the co* 
lumn of frefh water continually pouring down, that ex- 
cept in times of great drought, they do not afcend fur- 
ther than two miles from the fea : and when a drought 
prevails, they fcarcely ever penetrate more than three 
or four miles in a direct line. The falts proceed fur- 
ther up Georgetown Bay, and are fometirnes injurious 
to agriculture fourteen miles, or more, from the fea ; 
but this happens only as far as the mouths of the large 
frefh water rivers, which difcharge themfelves into that 
bay. The Savannah River partakes alio of the fame in- 
fluences, and nearly in the fame extent, with Santee 
River. And except where the tides flow, the waters 
in the rivers are conftantly pouring down, thus facilitat- 
ing navigation from the upper country ; but rendering 
the return a tedious undertaking. 

When fo many rivers interfeel this flate, fpreading 
their numerous branches into every part of it ; few 
lakes are eiiher required, or to be found. One howe- 
ver, fituated in Barnwell diilricl, in the middle country, 
preients a beautiful fheet of water, near a mile in cir- 
cumference. It is furrounded on all fides by high pine 
land; and its fho-es prefent a beach-like furface of 
white fand, on wmch carriages may be driven round 

with 



38 A VIEW OF 

with conveniency. This lake is fituated not far from 
Spring-town ; inviting from thence the occafional vifits 
of its inhabitants. The hiftory of the large rivers of 
this (late, prefents us with many inftances, where their 
waters have broken through peninft. las ; and have worn 
a fhort channel, as wide and as deep as the circuitous 
one which they before purfued. When the mouths of 
thefe old channels are partly flopped up by the precipi- 
tation of fand, and the dreams in them become flow, 
they are with us denominated lakes. Of fuch is Low- 
der's Lake, on Pedee River ; over which the furround- 
ing lands project elevations of near one hundred feet; 
in the fpring they are beautifully decorated with a 
profufion of the calico flower, or wild ivy • and an 
echo is here produced, whofe reverberations combine 
dift.in8.nefs, with frequent repetition. 

Fossils, Minerals, Springs, Cascades, and Natural Curiosities. 

Where the climate and foil of Carolina fo powerfully 
affift the productions of the earth, and encourage the 
exertions of induftry ; inducements are but fmall to ori- 
ginate refearches for minerals and ores. Hence, infor- 
mation refpeQing them in this date is imperfect; known 
but to few, and with difficulty to be acquired. Some 
inftances, however, have occurred, which lead to the 
following obfervations. 

At the upper part of Charlefton diftrict, in the neigh-* 
bourhood of Nelfon's ferry, a ftratum of foflil oyfter 
Ihells ftretches in a fouth weftwardly courfe, nearly pa- 
rallel with the lea, towards the Three Runs, on Savannah 
River. And are probably connected with thofe which 
Mr. Bartram defcribes, as being fifteen miles below 
Silver Bluff, on the Georgia fide. Thefe (hells are 
uncommonly large ; towards Santee River, they are of 
a circular form, and of a diameter of feven or eight in- 
ches. They are thick and heavy ; diflimilar from any 
Ihells which are found on our fea lhores. On this fubject 

many 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. g 9 

many conje&ures have been made ; but none actually 
conclufive, as to the time or manner in which they were 
thrown along fuch an extent of country.* When firft 
dug up, they are hard, and in the inner parts prefent an 
enamelled appearance. But the effeQ: of external air 
foon difTolves and decompofes them into a limy powder. 
Some of them were found when digging the Santee Ca- 
nal ; and being opened, contained petrified oyfters. 
And fuch quantities of them are in the vicinity of Nel- 
fon's ferry, as by a ftrong tin&ure to mark their con- 
nexion with the waters of the Eutaw Springs ; celebra- 
ted as the place, near which one of the beft fought 
engagements took place, which adorns the hiftory of 
the American revolution. 

In digging canals through fwamps, or in examining the 
fides of abrupt eminences, foffils of various defcriptions 
are occasionally found. t Teeth of unufual fize have 
been found in this ftate, as far fouth as Stono Swamp ; 
in the latitude of nearly thirty-three degrees north. At 
this place, fays Mr. Catefby , " was dug out of the earth, 
" three or four teeth of a large animal ; which, by the 
" concurring opinions of all the negroes, native Afri- 
" cans, that faw them, were the grinders of an elephant." 
And in his opinion could be no other ; he having feen 
fome of the like which are brought from Africa. Since 
that time bones and teeth of large dimenfions were in 
the year 1795, dug out of Biggin Swamp, at the head 
of the weit branch of Cooper River, two miles above 
Biggen bridge; and in north latitude, about 33d. 10m. 
This was effected by Colonel John Chriftian Senf, en- 
gineer to the company for opening a canal between San- 
tee and Cooper Rivers. He found them eight or nine 
feet under ground ; and within a fpace not exceeding 
ten paces. Among them were grinders, bearing all the 
marks of a carnivorous animal ; having double rows of 

high 

* Sec note I. in the Appendix. 

t See Bertram 's Travels. Page 312. 



4° 



A VIEW OF 



higl blunt points or protuberances, as if intended to 
malricate, and not to grind food. Others were of a 
different and much larger texture, apparently belonging 
to a graminivorous animal. They were flat, and ribbed 
tranfverfely on the furfaces ; refembling, according to 
the accounts of naturalifts, the grinders of an elephant. 
There was alfo a large tufk, three or four feet long; 
which Colonel Senf is of opinion, refembled in every 
refpecf that of an elephant. When firft taken out of 
the ground it was fo ilippery, by reafon of a mucous 
which furrounded it, as f.arcely to beholden !y the 
hand. But the adion of the air foon dried up this fub- 
fiance, and afterwards crumbled it to pieces in fuch 
manner, as to prevent any particular account being 
given of the fame. 

Thefe different kinds of teeth and bones, .have been 
found throughout the northern ftates of America; and 
have given rife io varieties of opinion. In fields of fuch 
doubtful conclufion we will nor at prefent roam; but 
will proceed to defcnbe fome of thofe which were dug 
up in Biggen Swamp, and were afterwards depofited in 
the Mufeum of the Charlefton Library : from arr^ng 
thofe, which were in the beft date of prefervation at the 
time, the drawings of the following were taken. 

i. A moulder blade. The focket of this bone forms 
the fegment of a circle, whofe chord is nine inches and 
a quarter ; from the chord to the greateft extent of its 
periphery, is two inches. The circumference of this 
bone, below where the joint was, is twenty-five inches; 
and the width of the focket is more than fix inches. 

2. A rib, whofe circumference is eight inches. It 
is now fo much broken, as to lead to no certain defcrip- 
tion of its length. When firft dug up it was nearly fix 
feet long; and from its curvilinear form is fuppofed not 
to have been one of the largeft ribs of the animal. The 
part remaining in the mufeum forms a fegment of a 
circle, whofe chord is three feet ; i>nd from the chord 9 

to 







SOUTH-CAROLINA. 4 t 

to the greateft extent of the periphery, is eight inches 
and a quarter. 

3. One of the cervical vertibrs. This is nearly per- 
fect, and bears a proportion to the other bones. The 
foramen, or hole in it, through which the fpinal marrow 
ran, is to a diameter of two and an half inches. And 
the bone itfelf forms a triangle, whofe bafe is nine inches 
and an half; and whofe fides are thirteen inches and an 
half each. 

4. A jaw tooth. With four rows of blunt double 
points, or protuberances, which are very hard and po- 
lifhed ; and are of a dark blueifh colour. The higheft 
of thefe points rife an inch and a quarter from the tooth; 
and the whole tooth, not calculating the root part, is 
feven inches long, four inches wide, and four inches 
and three quarters deep, to where it is broken off. 

5. A jaw tooth, which is faid to be the hindermoft 
grinder. It is now eight inches and a quarter long on 
its furface, although a part of it have ben broken off; 
and is three inches and an half wide. The root of it is 
eleven inches and an half long. Its grnding fur 'ace is 
flat, and of a whitifh colour; ribbed tranfverfely with 
black ftreaks. And the depth of the tooth, from the fur- 
face to its bottom, is fix inches and an half. 

The place where thefe remains were found, is defig- 
nated on the {ketch of the Santee Canal, by letter A ; and 
were in the way of the labourers working on the fame. 
Near four miles above this place, in the direction of the 
canal, at letter B, other bones were found by Colonel 
Senf, in the year 1797. They appear to be exactly of 
the fame kind, with thofe already mentioned, both as 
to fize and colour; among which are the following : 

6. A bone, which by its appearance and focket, proba- 
bly belonged to the limbs of the hinder part of the animal. 

7. One of the dorfal vertibrae. The foramen or hole 
through which the fpinal marrow ran, is to a diameter 
of nearly three inches. 

F & 



4 2 A VIEW OF 

8. The head of a bone of fome joint of the animal. 
Its diameter is nearly eight inches. 

Mr. JefTerfon fuppofes, that from accounts published 
in Europe, it is decided that the large bones found in 
America, are of the fame kind with thofe found in Si- 
beria.* Should this be the cafe, we have equal reafon 
to.Juppofe the above mentioned bones and teeth are 
iimilar to thofe which had attracted the attention of Mr. 
Jefferfon. And fo prone is the nature of man to difquifi- 
tion, that various have been the opinions of philofo- 
phers, refpechng their natures and difcovery. With 
fome, the obliquity of the ecliptic is fuppofed to have 
undergone a total change, and the temperate to have 
been formerly a torrid zone ; in order to account for 
thofe bones and teeth, which they fay are elephant's ; 
whofe natures do not allow them to exift and propagate, 
but in the warmed climates. 

Others reject this theory ; and in its place introduce 
a new one of their own. They conceive this difficulty 
better reconciled, by fuppofing, " the terreiiial globe, 
44 when it firfh alfumed its form, was in a ftate of fluidi- 
" ty; and that water being unable to diffolve terrefiiai 
" bodies, the fluidity mull have been a liquifa&ion, 
44 occafioned by fire. Now to pafs from the burning and 
44 liquified (late, to a mild and temperate heat, time 
44 was nceefiary. The globe could not at once cool to 
44 its prefent temperature. Thus, during the firft ages 
" after irs formation, the heat proper to the earth was 
* 4 infinitely greater than that which it received from 
44 the fun ; fince it ftill is much greater. This im- 
44 menfe fire being afterwards gradually diffipated, like 
" all other elements, underwent fucceliive changes from 
" heat to cold. Of courfe, a certain time, or rather 
" a long tract of time exifted, during which the north- 
64 ern regions ; after being burnt like all others, enjoyed 
44 the fame heat, which at prefent is felt in fouthern cli- 

44 mates* 

* Jefferson's Notes on Virginia* Pagfe 66* 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 43 

" mates. Hence the northern countries might, and 
" attually have been inhabited by animals, now pecu- 
" liar to the fouth ; and to which this degree of heat is 
" indifpenfible."* 

Such are the opinions of Monfieur BufFon, when 
considering the large bones and teeth, which have been 
found in Siberia, and the northern parts of Rufiia. In 
purfuing this theory, he unexpectedly falls into an un- 
avoidable dilemma, refpeCting the gradual cooling of 
the earth. For, allowing that his theory were plaufi- 
ble, there are fuch contradictory and irreconcileable 
circumftances attending it, as forbid us to fubfcribe 
to the tenor of his opinions. To make an accommoda- 
tion for the elephant, in the progreffion of time, through- 
out the globe ; and to account for the bones and teeth 
which he at length believes to be thofe of the elephant,t 
he has placed him firft at the pole; and as the earth 
cooled, he has gradually advanced him towards the 
equator. In front therefore, of this animal's approach- 
es, the globe mud have been heated to an intenfe de- 
gree ; and the parts adjacent to the equator have been, 
for a length of time, in a {late of actual fuiion. An idea 
which cannot be fubmitted to, while revolving feafons, 
and accurate accounts of heat and cold inform us, that 
taking one year with another, no remarkable difference 
happens in the courfeof ages in any particular climate; 
unlefs as it may be affe£led by new fettlements, and di- 
verfity of cultivation. Thofe heated parts, therefore, 
at that time, either did, or did not, fupport animals. If 
they did ; iince they have cooled to their prefent tem- 
perature, the animals which then inhabited them amidft 
fire and fufion, rauft have totally periflied; being inca- 
pable of bearing fo altered a climate. For there is now 
no animal in the torrid zone, which can endure an heat 
proportioned to fire. If they did not fupport animals, 
then the greateft portion of the globe mult have been, 

F 2 for 

* Baffin's Nat. Hist. $t: Vol. VI. page 84. 
t Ibid. 



u 



A VIEW OF 



for a long tracl of time uninhabitable, either to man or 
bead, by reafon of fuch intenfe heat. While the polar 
regions were only tenanted by animals, fuited to the 
temperature of our prefent torrid zone ; and were not 
yet peopled with thofe, which we know only to flourifh 
in the coldeft climates. And all this inverfion of na- 
ture, to fupport an hypothefis, fpringing from the brain 
of a fertile imagination. From fuch a dilemma, neither 
the philofophy or ingenuity of Buffon can extricate 
him. That theory cannot but be wretched, which to 
fupport a favorite proportion, and to give fapience to a 
matter which is beyond the reach of enquiry, would 
make a blank in nature, or fill it up with what cannot 
poffibly exift. 

To furmount thefe difficulties, others feem inclined 
to fuppofe that the different kinds of teeth and bones, 
found at the fame fpot, " are of one and the fame ani- 
ls mal. That this was not an hippopotamus ; becaufe 
44 the hippopotamus had no tufks, nor fuch a frame; and 
44 becaufe the grinders differ in their fize, as well as in 
44 die number and form of their points. That it was not 
44 an elephant, I think afcertained by proofs equally de- 
44 cifive."* Hence to reconcile all differences, thefe car- 
nivorous, and graminivorous teeth, are placed in the 
mouth of an animal called the mammoth ; which Mr. 
Jefferfon fays, feems not to have exifted farther fouth 
than the Salines of the Holfton. Upon this idea he has 
Taifed a new theory; and has fuppofed nature to draw 
a belt of feparation, or kind of neutral ground, betwixt 
the tremendous animals of the mammoth and the ele- 

EKant. Whofe breadth around the globe, he fuppofes to 
e fix and an half degrees, between the torrid and tempe- 
rate zones. This, like all other theories, founded merely 
on furmife, mult give way to the fa 61 of thefe large 
bones and teeth being found in this ftate, three degrees 
pf latitude fouth of the Salines of the Holfton : thereby. 



reducing 



Jefferson's Notes on Virginia. Page 67* 



SOUTH-CAROLINA, 45 

reducing this fuppofed belt to nearly one half of the fup- 
pofed diftance. 

Others account for thefe bones and teeth, by refer- 
ring back to the flood. Be-nardin de St. Pierre, fpeak- 
ing of the univerfal deluge in his Studies of Nature^ 
and fuppofmg it to have anfen from the fufion of ice, at 
either pole, fays " Then it was, that all the plans of 
" nature were reverled; complete iriands of floating 
" ice, loaded with white bears, run a ground among the 
<; palm trees of the torrid zone ; and the elephants of 
<{ Africa were toffed amidft the fir groves of Siberia; 
" where their large bones are full found to this day." 

Amidft this contrariety of opinions, the mind inftead 
of receiving information from the reafonings of others, 
is involved in the deep labyrinths of philosophical fur- 
mife. Where one hypothelis ierves only to overthrow 
another; without having any intrinfic merit of its own, 
by which fo extraordinary a phenomenon may be ex 
plained. Had this fuppofed animal ever been feen by 
naturalifts or hiftorians, whofe relations could be at all 
depended upon, fome data might be furnifhed for a 
more fuccefsful enquiry. But time has drawn a thick 
and ancient veil over this much defired inveftigation. 
Centuries have rolled away fince thefe animals were in 
exiftence. While their names and descriptions are no 
longer, with certainty, in the memory of man ;* refting 
only on the crude, fuperficial, and figurative account of 
illiterate favages.f Nothing, therefore remains, but to 
defift from fo unfatisfa&ory a purfuit. For, 

" Who fhall decide, when Doctors difagree?" 

And while we view, with furprize, the magnitude of 
■thefe remains, the conclufion naturally duetts us to 

adore 

* Through the exertions of Mr. Peale, at Philadelphia, the fkeleton of one 
of thefe animals is put together, in nearly perfeft order. From the fliortncfs of 
its neck, and the fize of its tufts, it muft have had a probofcis ; from whence it 
is reaionable to fuppofe this animal was of the elephant fpecies. 

+ See an Indian account of this animal, in Jefferson's Notes on Virginia. Page 64. 



4 6 A VIEW OF 

adore that fuperintending Providence, which, from a : 
mouie, to this object of our admiration, has continued 
a complete chain of animated nature. 

Ferruginous nodules, are found at the Lower Three 
Runs, and at other places in this ftate; which on being 
broken, prefent an hollow, like that of . a peach ftone, 
but much larger; containing therein, either a red or yel- 
low ochre, in a proportion of one fifth to the fand and 
grit mixed with it. Some of this ochre has been ground, 
and mixed up with oil ; and when ufed, has been found 
fo well adapted to painting, as to encourage further tri- 
als. Red and yellow ochres, of excellent quality, are 
found in the ore bed, near Hill and Hayne's iron works, 
in York diftrict; fome of which has been fuccefsfully 
ufed in painting houfes in York-ville. Albedos, is alio 
found, towards the head waters of Lynch's Creek ; and 
magnet ftones of ftrong powers, have been met with in 
the upper parts of Newberry diftrict, near the Enoree 
River. Lime ftone of good quality, is found at the 
Eutaws; at places near Orangeburgh; and on lands adja- 
cent to Thicketty Creek ; which produce good lime for 
building and plaiftering. Real lime ftone rock is alfo 
plentifully found at King's Mountains, in \ r ork diftrict; 
producing excellent lime for all purpofes of architecture, 
and manufactures. 

Rock of excellent nature for mill ftones, is found in 
various parts of this ftate. At Beaver Creek, on the 
Catawba River, a quarry of grey ftone, fomewhat like 
free ftone, has been difcovered of excellent quality ; 
working well under the chiftel, and having the property 
of fplitting eahly to the wedge in ftraight lines, fo as to 
be wrought into large blocks. Experience has proven 
it fuitable for different kinds of mafonry. Hence the 
foundations of fome of the locks of the San tee canal 
are formed of the fame. Of a fomewhat fimilar kind, 
taken from lands adjacent to Keowee River, blocks are 

fplit 



SOUTH-CAROLINA, 



47 



fplit and hewn ; with which the new gaol of Pendleton 
diftricl: is built. 

Good flate is found near the head waters of Lynch's 
creek, and there is reafon for believing it to be in vari- 
ous other parts of the (late. 

Soap (tones (Steatites) are found in the neighbour- 
hood of Hill and Havne's iron works j and in many- 
other parts of this itate. Rock chryllal, a fpecies of 
gvpfum or plaifter of Paris, white flint, marble, ful- 
ler's or faponaceous earths, emery, vitrious Hones and 
fands, clays of various natures, colours, and confiften- 
cies ; fome prefenting bright vermillion colours, and 
others beautiful whites and yellows; china and potter's 
clay, ifing glafs, nitrous earths, ochres, chalks and 
marles, are all occafionally found in the middle and up- 
per country. And in the lower country marie is occa- 
fionally met with. 

Spar of glittering appearance, is often feen, in the 
upper country ; and Do&or Chalmers, in his account 
of Carolina, fays " he has feen emeralds, that were 
" brought from the country of the Cherokees ; which 
<4 when cut and polifhed, fall nothing fhort of thofe 
u which were imported from India, in luftre." To 
this point alfo, Adair, in his hiftory of the Cherokee 
country, fays " there are many beautiful, clear chryf- 
ts taline (tones, formed by nature into feveral angles, 
"which commonly meet into one point; feveral of 
" them are tranfparent, like a coarfe diamond. Others, 
" refemble the onyx ; and once, he found a ftone like 
" a ruby, as big as the top of a man's thumb, with a 
" beautiful dark made in the middle of it."* 

Iron ore, of excellent quality, is plentifully found 
in the upper country ; particularly in the diliricts of 
Pendleton, Greenville, Spartanburgh, and York ; pro- 
ducing, on a general average, one fourth of its Crude 



weight 



* Adair's Hist, of American Indians, Page 237. 



4 8 A VIEW OF 

weight in pure iron. Some rich fpecimens of copper, 
have alfo been found ; and by the indications of copper, 
on a part of the iron ore at Hill and Hayne's works, it is 
fuppofed by digging through the iron ore, a depth of 
twenty feet, a rich vein of copper would be procured. 
Copper ore is alfo found near Cedar Creek, on the eaft 
fide of Broad River, in the upper country ; at which 
place there is ore of filver appearance. Lead is faid to be 
in fome place on the Catawba lands, and that good fpe- 
cimens have formerly been feen of it ; but its pofition is 
not at prefent known. It is faid, there is alfo lead ore 
on Mr. Calhoun's plantation in Pendleton diftricl. And 
black lead, arfenick, fulphur, antimony, alum, and 
talk, are alfo faid to be found in the upper parts of 
this ftate. Not far beyond the boundary line, excellent 
lead is found in the Cherokee Mountains, in great 
abundance; producing two thirds of its crude weight in 
pure lead. Near this place, much alum may alfo be 
procured. A fmall bit of gold is faid to have been 
once found in Greenville diftritl, on Paris's Mountain, 
of fufficient quantity to be made into a ring; but this is 
a report of what is faid to have taken place many 
years ago. There can be no doubt, however, of Paris's 
Mountain porfeffing ores. Iron it has in great plenty ; 
and a fl.ro.ng fulphur fpring near one of its fides, indi- 
cates its affinity with them. It is more than probable, 
that the mountains on the frontiers of this ftate, and in 
the Cherokee nation, contain valuable portions of the 
rich metals. As Adair, in his hiftory of that country, 
fays they are often covered with load ftones; which are 
known to accompany them : and he further fays, he 
has there feen tufts of grafs, deeply tinclured by mine- 
ral exhalations ; and glittering from the fame caufe.* 

Medicinal 

*r The mines of Potofi, in Peru, were accidently difcovered by an Indian in 
the year 1 545, as he was clambering up one of the mountains. To aid him in hi»- 
Ssfcent, he laid hold of a bufh, the roots of which loofened from the earth, and 
brought to view an ingot of filver. By other accidental circumftances, mofl 
of the richeft mines have been difcovered. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 



49 



Medicinal Springs. 

From lands producing thefe foflils and ores, fprings 
arife, impregnated with their virtues ; fome of which 
have already attracted the public attention. Among 
thefe the Pacolet fprings have been firft noticed, as 
pofleffing qualities friendly to health. They are fituated 
on the weftern fide of Pacolet River, in the upper coun- 
try ; and are faid to be of much virtue in rheumatic, 
cutaneous, and fome other complaints; for which they 
are occafionally vifited. Their waters are perfectly 
clear, and are fuppofed to be impregnated with fulphur 
and iron; but from procefl'es taken to analize them, the 
iffue has not been fuch as to eftablifh this fuppofition. 
Indeed, fo contradictory are the accounts refpeclino- 
them, that a precife opinion could not be hazarded of 
their natures. By fome they are faid to tafte and fmell 
like the warnings of a gun barrel ; and by others they 
are denied having any extraordinary fmell or tafte. Ano- 
ther fpring, of the fame kind is in the Gatawba lands, 
near the road leading from Lands-ford to Hill and Hayne's 
ironworks. Asisalfoone, on a branch of the Waxaw 
creek, which is faid to poffefs the fame virtues as the 
Catawba fprings in North-Carolina > and is therefore 
fuppofed to be impregnated with iron and fulphur. 

A fpring impregnated with iron and fulphur, pro- 
ceeds from the eaftern fide of Paris's Mountain. The 
water is perfectly clear, but fmells ftrongly, like the 
warnings of a gun barrel - 3 the bottom of the fpring con- 
fifts of a very black earth, which fmells extremely ful- 
phureoUs. This fpring is very powerful in curing ring 
worms and other cutaneous diforders; and for that pur- 
po'e has been reforted to by the inhabitants, with much 
fuccefs, in defperate cafes. In the forks of Lynch's 
Creek, a beautiful fpring burfts and boils up from the 
earth, in a large ftream; whofe waters are of fo falubrious 
a nature, that many perfons refort to them in the autumrf 

G for 



^o A VIEW OF 

for health. A fimilar one breaks out from a whitifh clay or 
chalky hill, in Richland diftricl, near Rice Creek; which 
is efficacious in curing ring worms, cutaneous diforders 
and rheumatifros. This laft fpring has been but lately 
known ; it was however reforted to in the year 1801, by 
upwards of one hundred perfons; who drank of, and 
bathed in its waters with fuccefs. 

Another fpring of fome notoriety, has been found with- 
in a few years pad; boiling up from the bafe of the ridge 
of high land in Orangeburgh diftrici, which overlooks a 
branch of the Little Saltcatcher Swamp. There are 
many of thefe fprings which extend fome hundred yards 
along the edge of the fwamp ; and their virtues were not 
known until about the year 1796; when they were firft 
di (covered by an huntfman, who was in purfuit of game. 
Fatigued with exercife he arrived at the large fpring; 
and was naturally induced to tafte its chryftal waters. In 
doing fo he wafhed his hands, which were affecled with 
ring worms, and in a few days found they were much bet- 
ter. Judging this to be the caufe of fuch good to him- 
felf, he renewed the vifit; and in a fhort time w T as per- 
fectly cured. Hence a reputation arofe, inducing the 
neighbours to bathe in thefe waters lor fores, lamenefs, 
and pains in the body ; which fometimes proving fuc- 
cefsful, their virtues were magnified ; and in the courfe 
of that year, they were vifited by two hundred perfons. 
Some pains have been taken by a profeffional medical 
gentleman, to analize and afcertain the virtues, if any, 
which thefe fprings pofTe fs ; who, after fome reafoning, is 
of opinion, that they do not deferve being claffed among 
mineral waters. Sometimes they tafte like a folution 
of emetic tartar, and excite a naufea. But the refidents 
of Spring-town, a fettlement formed near it, find it fo 
little different, either in tafte or effect from drinking wa- 
ter, that they conftantly ufe it as fuch, without the 
fmalleft inconvenience. Health, he fays, is to be en- 
joyed at that fettlement in an high degree - x but he at- 
tributes 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 5 t 

tributes it more to the dry, healthy fituation of the fet- 
tlement, and to cleanlwefs confequent on bathing in the 
fpring, than to any very particular virtues which it pof- 
feffes. In the year 1796, the depth of the fpring was more 
than twenty-ieven feet ; but in the autumn of 1797, it was 
only five feet and an half deep. At firft this change was 
not eahly accounted for; but the obfervation of the be- 
fore mentioned gentleman, has in fome meafufe afcertain- 
ed the caufe. The year 1797, when the fpring filled up 
four fifths of its depth, was a very dry year ; and after the 
drought palled over, with the fucceeding rains it reco- 
vered a part of its depth again. Hence it is fuppofed, 
that as the waters boil up from the bottom of the fpring, 
bringing with them land from the bowels of the earth, 
during the dry feafon, they are not fufriciently powerful 
to difcharge them ; and of courfe they precipitate and 
gradually fill up the fame. But as ibon as the rains 
commence, the fpring being more powerful, difcharges 
the fands with the water which runs over; and it confe- 
quently becomes deeper. 

The laft fpring, which deferves particular mention, 
is the Eutaw Spiing, fituated in Charlellon difhict, 
not far diitant from Nelfon's Ferry. It rifes through 
an opening in the earth, of a few inches diameter; and 
immediately forms a bafon of tranfparent water, a few 
feet deep; and about one hundred and fifty paces 
round. It thence penetrates a fubterraneous paffage, 
through a ridge of porous lime ftone, or concretion of 
large oyfter Ihells ; and at a diftance of one hundred 
paces, or more, boils up and bubbles through a variety 
of paifages ; forming the head of Eutaw Creek. 

The waters of this fpring, have a purgative effecl to 
thofe who are unaccuftomed to them; but otherwife, 
they have no particular characier. While the memory 
of the American revolution is indulged; or its confe- 
quences are held dear to the citizens of thefe United 
States ; the engagement, which took place near this. 

G 2 fpring, 



£9 A VIEW OF 

fpring, in the year 1781, between the American armies 
under General Greene, and thofe^f Great Britain under 
Lieutenant Colonel Stewart, will be recolle&ed. On 
thefe grounds, the ftruggle of nations, for liberty and 
independence, took place; and thefe cryftal waters, 
reforted to by wounded foldiers, then blufhed at the 
fanguinary fcene. 

The land of South-Carolina being for the moft part 
of a level nature, affords few of thofe abrupt fituations, 
-which produce cafcades, or water falls. It is not, 
however, without fome of thefe beauties ; and its rivers, 
in the upper country, are frequently foaming and rum- 
bling over rocks and precipices; which from time to 
time ftretch acrofs their channels. One of the moft 
remarkable of thefe, is the rocky precipice entirely 
acrofs Reedy River, at Greenville court houfe. The 
river is here, thirty one-yards wide; and the perpen* 
dicular fall is thirty-fix feet. Stepping from rock to 
rock, I walked acrofs this river in Oftober, 1801, 
without wetting my feet; a very dry feafon then pre- 
. vailing, and the river confequently low. At thefe times 
the river is fordable juft above the precipice; but when 
the water rifes to the bellies of the horfes, it can no 
longer be attempted without extreme danger, both to 
the horfe and the rider. As the impetuofity of the 
current is fuch, that they would both be immediately 
fwept away; and precipitating down the fall, be dafhed 
againft the oppofite rocks. The fources of fome of 
our rivers alfo, precipitate from a vaft height, down 
the fides of the mountains. The branches of Saluda 
in particular, which fpring from thefe, cannot fall 
from an height of lefs than twelve hundred feet; as 
they generally courfe down two thirds of the mountains 
height. From the daffy, Table, and Oolenoy Moun- 
tains, fome of thefe waters fifteen or twenty feet wide, 
fpeed into the vallies below; falling on a declination, of 

perhaps 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. d $ 

perhaps ninety degrees ; and foaming over rocks 
through the whole of that diftance. 

For quantity of water, and grandeur of appearance, 
perhaps the Catawba Falls are the moll interefting of 
any in this ftate. They are lituated a little above Rocky 
Mount; and the approach to them is over hills, which 
line the fides of the river. On either fide the rocks 
are piled up in a wall of many feet high; and hills 
rifing above them in (harp conical fummits, nod over 
the rupture below. Now the Catawba is arrefted in its 
courfe, and from a width of one hundred and eighty 
yards this river is forced by the hills and rocks on 
either fide, to fhoot down " the Gulph"* in a channel 
of only fixty-five yards wide. Collecting its waters, 
impetuous and noify it thunders down the falls; tumbling 
over marly rocks, and foaming from fhore to more; 
wheeling its large whirlpools, and glancing from rock 
to rock, with maddening fury. Nor ceafing its troubled 
waves, until it has over leaped twenty falls in the 
diftance of two and an half miles; and has precipitated 
from its height, a depth of ninety feet. Here, below- 
Rocky Mount, it begins to fubfide; and fpreads over 
a channel three hundred and eighteen yards wide; but 
is not compofed. For miles below, rocks are fcattered 
in its way; at times irritating its waters, and provoking 
the rapidity ofitsftream. So a proud and haughty 
difpofition cannot bear controul ; but rufhes onward, 
with unabating violence, fcorning all oppofition which 
is furmountable. Repoffeffing its tranquility by flow 
degrees ; and becoming again incenfed with whatever 
rifes in its way. 

Natural Curiosities. 

The natural curiofities of this ftate, which have at- 
tracted the public attention, are but few; among thefe, 
however, the following may be noticed. About two 

miles 

* That narrow part of the river, is fo called. 



54 A VIEW OF 

miles and an half from Columbia, within thirty yards 
of the Camden road, an eminence, fixteen or twenty 
feet high pre fen ts itfelf to your view, rifing immediate- 
ly above the adjacent pine lands. It appears to be en- 
tirely compofed of a fpecies of fine pipe clay, generally 
of a white appearance, and in fome cafes beautifully 
marbled. It prefents itfelf fo fuddenly to the view, by 
its abrupt pofidon, as to invite the vifits of molt of the 
travellers paiiing that way ; many of whom cut. and car- 
ry away pieces of this clay. On the heights adjacent 
to Broad River, and about fix miles from Columbia, 
towards Fauft's ford, many beautiful fpecimens of clay 
appear towards the fummit of the hills. Their colours 
are various ; partaking almoft of all the fhades from a 
red to a light yellow. And their confidences are fuch, 
as to give fome the appearances of ochres. 

Marked by a bold and fingular appearance, the pre- 
cipice of the Table Mountain, called the Lover's Leap, 
is defervedly ranked as one of the greateft natural curi- 
ofities of this (late. From the valley below it looks like 
an immenfe wall, lbetching up to heaven ; prefenting its 
naked, but unchangeable front, ever to the influence of 
the feafons. This precipice defcends from the fummit 
of the mountain, a depth of near four hundred yards, 
apparently of folid rock. And from its bafe to the bot- 
tom of the valley, over which it (lands, is probably four 
hundred yards more. Below this proud eminence, reft 
the whitened bones of various animals, whofe incau- 
tious fteps led them too near the edge of this defperate 
height. And above, its fummit is often enveloped 
with heavy clouds. Towards the bafe of this precipice 
are caverns, which attract the notice of travellers, as 
there are alfo in many parts of the mountain. One of 
thefe towards its fummit, on the weftern fide, bears the 
name of a governor of this ftate, who paffed a night in 
it with fome of his friends, in October, 1801 ; during 
the continuance of a fevere ftorm of rain; and who 

were 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. fi j 

were there perfectly fheltercd, both from the wind and 
rain. 

Another eminence of humbler pretenfions, is Silver 
Bluff, on the eaftem fide of Savannah River; rifina' 
many feet above the river, which paffes along its bafe. 
This fleep, rifing perpendicularly, difcovers many ftrata 
of earth ; together with different clays and fhells, efpeci- 
ally oftrese, and blackifh date-coloured earth, apparent- 
ly of aluminous, or vitriolic nature. Bartram here dis- 
covered bellemnites, pyrites, marcafites, and fulphure- 
ous nodules, mining like brafs, lying on this black flaty- 
like micaceous earth; as alfo flicks, limbs and trunks 
of trees; leaves, acorns and their cups; all of which 
were changed black; and were as hard, and as fhinino- 
as charcoal.* Some miles above this, on the Carolina 
fhore, is the bluff, on which formerly flood Fort Moore, 
a little below Augufta. This fituation is abrupt : and 
is perhaps ninety, or one hundred feet above the river 
below. It prefents to the view a wall of party colour- 
ed earths ; confifting of clays and marles of various 
colours, from brown to white, ranged in horizontal 
ftrata. In the early fettlement of this flate, a frontier 
garrifon was kept at this place, to protect its inhabitants 
againft the Mufkohge or Creek nation, and other In- 
dians ; and here the conflancy and intrepidity of a 
Mufkohge warrior, named " Old Scrany" faved him 
from a death, which threatened him by fiery torture. 

This warrior had been taken prifoner by the Shav/ano 
Indians; and having been baflinadoed in the ufual man- 
ner ; he was condemned to that cruel puniffimem. " He 
" underwent a great deal, without fhewing any concern ; 
" his countenance and behaviour were as if he fuffered 
" not the leaft pain, and was formed beyond the com- 
" mon laws of nature. He told them with a bold 
" voice, that he was a very noted warrior j and gained 

moft 

* See Bartrams Travels, Page 312,, 



5 6 A VIEW OF 

" mod: of his martial preferment, at the expence of 
" their nation ; and was defirous of fhewing them in 
44 the a£t of dying, that he was ft ill as much their fu- 
44 perior, as when he headed his gallant countrymen 
iS againft them. That, although he had fallen into their 
44 hands, in forfeiting the protection of the Divine Pow- 
< 4 er, by fome impurity or other, when carrying the 
44 holy ark of war againft his devoted enemies; yet he 
" had ftill fo much remaining virtue, as would enable 
** him to punifh himfelf more exqiiifitely, than all 
44 their defpicable ignorant crowd could pofLbly do, 
44 if they gave him liberty by untying him, and would 
«* hand him one of the red hot gun barrels out of the 
" fire. The propofal, and method of addrefs, appear- 
44 ed fo exceedingly bold and uncommon, that his re- 
44 queft was granted. Then he fuddenly feized one 
44 end of the red barrel, and brandifhing it from fide to 
44 fide, he forced his way through the armed and fur- 
44 prifed multitude, and leaped down a prodigious fteep 
"and high bank into a branch of the river; dived 
" through it • ran over a fmall ifland, and pa fled the o- 
44 ther branch, amidft a fhower of bullets from the com- 
44 manding ground, where Fort Moore, or New Winfor 
44 garrifon ftood. And though numbers of his eager 
44 enemies were in clofe purfuit of him, he got to a 
44 bramble fvvamp, and in that naked, mangled condi- 
44 tion, reached his own country."* 

Connected with Indian affairs, a mound of oyfter 
(hells, about one mile and an half fouth of Fort 
Johnfon, on James Illand, may be mentioned; as hav- 
ing been probably conftrucled by the aborigines of 
this ftate. It is of a circular form ; meafuring around 
two hundred and forty paces. Its width at the top is 
ten paces; and at its bafe from fixteen to twenty; and 
its height is from eight to ten feet. A tradition refpecV 

ing 

* Adair's Hist, of American Indians. Page 392. 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 57 

ing it, relates that it was an Indian Fort, or place of 
arms and retreat. And their (mail powers in fortificati- 
on feem to favor the idea, as they were not poffefTed 
of proper tools for breaking the earth; and throwing 
up entrenchments. They could, however, carry on 
their heads thefe fhells from the neighbouring mores; 
and by continual additions raife this curious ftruclure. 
It is fituated in the midit of cleared lands, on no uncom- 
mon rifing; now furrounding the dwelling houfe and 
offices of a gentleman who relides on the island. And 
the waters, which were driven by the hurricane of 1752, 
over much of the adjacent lands, are fai i to have been 
completely banked out by this work. This being ob- 
ferved by Mr. Rivers, he placed his dwelling houfe 
therein; which has continued either by repairs, or 
new buildings, to the prefent day. It is alfo faid this 
bank was many feet higher; but that he reduced it for 
the purpofe of burning lime; fome of which was ufed 
in building St. Michael's Church, in Charleston. There 
are no ditches about it, which could lead to a furmife of 
its being made by whites. Nor is it of fuch a ftructure 
as to imagine it produced by nature. For there are no 
fhells in the enclofed area ; that prefenting a verdant 
turf, exaclly fimilar to the outhde adjacent lands. 

On Flat Creek, one of the head branches of Lynche's 
Creek, an extremely rocky and romantic country pre- 
fents itfelf, well worth the attention of the curious 
traveller. This creek runs in a valley, embofomed by 
hills on either fide, of fuch height, as are feldom teen but 
in the neighbourhood of mountains; from which it is 
far diflant. Near this place is a confiderable quarry of 
flate, of good quality; infomuch that the boys in its 
vicinity ufe it for their fchool exercifes. Rocks of mid- 
dle fize here appear like the cabins of the poor, but not 
the lefs free inhabitants of the neighbouring land hills. 
And the Rock-houfe a few miles beyond, arreils the 
traveller's attention. This and other curious informa- 

H tion, 



j8 A VIEW OF 

fcion, furniihed by a gentleman who lias lately travelled 
there, will be beft deicribed in nearly his own words: We 
proceeded on horfeback along the low lands up the 
creek, propofing firft to vifit a place called the Rock- 
houfe. After having advanced about two miles, we def- 
cried it at the head of a deep valley, in which we rode; a 
beautiful cafcade of water tumbling from the lide of the 
hill, on which this Rock-hou,fe (lands. This fpot is highly 
romantic. The rocks rife in rude piles above the valley, 
to the height of about two hundred and fifty feet; crown- 
ed occanonally with red cedar and favin. About half 
way up the hill, is the Rock-houfe, refembling the roof 
of an houfe. And at the lower end of it is an aperture, 
from which a imall ftream of clear water i flues forth ; 
falling over the rocks below, into the valley. We clam- 
bered up the fide of the hill to the fource of the cafcade, 
and found the Rock-houfe to be compofed of two large 
flat rocks, leaning againft each other at top ; forming a 
complete fhelter from the fun and rains. The area of 
this fhelter may be about ninety feet in circumference, 
remarkably dark. and cool: and at bottom the ftream 
forming the cafcade, brawls along over the rocks, and 
approaches the fteep part of the hill, precipitating down 
its fide. Upon the whole, the cafcade of Juan Fer- 
nandez, celebrated by circumnavigators, may be more 
beautiful; as that of Niagara is more grand and fublime; 
but ftill this Rock-houfe arid cafcade, would rank high 
in ornamental gardening with all thofe, who either for 
pleafure or pride, covet the polTeffion of thefe rare and 
natural beauties. We next vifited what is called the 
Great Flat Rock, approaching it through a valley, at 
the head of which it is fituated. It is fo called (I fup- 
pofe) to diftinguifh it from the Flat Rock, on the road 
from Camden to Lancafter Court-houfe; and it confifts 
,of a huge body of folid rock, covering, according to my 
eftimation, upon a fecond vifit, at leaft fifty acres of 
|and. On the fide of the valley to the weft, it is ele- 
vated 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 5 $ 

vated above the tops of the trees, and is inacceflible ; to 
the eaft, the rock is not fo high ; and a little up the fide 
of it are two caverns, into both of which I entered. But 
not being provided with candles, or torches, I did not 
think it prudent to proceed far. The cavern having the 
fmallefl: entrance, is faid afterwards to widen confidera* 
bly ; to extend farther than the other; and to have been 
the hiding place of fome tories, during our revolution- 
ary war; as it is ftill of wild cats, wolves, and other ver- 
min. Our hoft informed us, that he had once penetrated 
it to the diftance of about two hundred yards ; and there 
is a tradition in the neighbourhood, that fome Indians; 
once entered it, and emerged at the diftance of three 
miles, near to Lynche's Creek. The colour of the rock, 
when broken, is of a whitifh ground, intermixed with 
fmall black fpots, of very hard conhftence, and fuitable 
for mill Hones. The walls of the cavern are highly po- 
lifhed, and appear to be of dark clouded marble. From 
the polifh, I fuppofe the whole cave to be the deferted 
channel of fome dream of water, which once illued 
into the valley below. In the evening we vifited 
another rock, which lay acrofs Flat Creek; and as it had 
no name, exercifing the privilege of a traveller, I nam- 
ed it si The Turk." On the fummit of one large rock is 
placed another, propped up and poifed as it were by the 
hand of art; and by an indulgence of the imagination, 
you may fancy the upper rock like a turban, on a Turk's 
head; fuch an one, as you may have feen Mahomet 
painted with. Both the rocks may be about fifty feet 
high ; and cover a piece of ground of about thirty feet 
diameter. To the ordinary run of (hangers, this rock 
is confidered as a far greater curiofity, than either the 
Great Flat Rock, or even the Rock-houfe, with its 
beautiful cafcade. We were informed of feveral other 
curious rocks and caverns, fituated in the vicinity ; but 
a great fall of rain converted that into a confiderable ri- 
ver, which the evening before we had forded as a creek; 
and thus put an end to our further enquiries. 

H % Produftions. 



So A VIEW OF 

Productions, 'vegetable and animal. 

Although Tome attempts have been made to afcer- 
tain the vegetable productions of South-Carolina; yet 
much remains ftill unexplored. To Catefby we are in- 
debted for fome drawings ; and but imperfect defcrip- 
tions of plants and flowers. Bartram, in his travels 
through this (late in 1776, has added fome particulars to 
botanical information. Walter, in his Floy a Caroliniana, 
has brought forward a ftill greater catalogue ; not how- 
ever, without being fufpefted of ftating different fpe- 
cies, where varieties only exifted. And Michaux, in a 
work, which he has lately publifhed at Paris, has added 
valuable information refpecting the hiftory of America*! 
oaks. From thefe fources, and fome others, which pre- 
sent themfelves, the following indigenous plants may be 
noted; as fiourifhing within the boundaries of this ftate. 

BOTANICAL CATALOGUE 

Of the most remarkable Plants, Shrubs and Trees, indigenous to the stats 
of South-Carolina.* 

Vernal flar grafs. (Callitriche verna.) 

Fringe tree. [Chionanthus Virginica.) Grows at the 
edges of low lands, and alfo in good high lands. Blof- 
foms in April : an ornamental fhrub. 

Catalpa tree. (Bignonia Catalpa.) Originally grew 
in the upper country, but was brought from thence by 
Mr. Catefby; and affimilates well with the lower coun- 
try. It grows into a large tree; and when in biofI'om 3 
has a beautiful appearance. 

Cancer weed. (Salvia Lyrata, et Mexicana.) 

Tall vernal or fpring grafs. (Anthoxanthum gigan- 
teum.) 

Several 

* See a fmall pamphlet, publifhed in Philadelphia, in 1801, by Benjamin 
Smith Barton, M. d. entitled " Collections for an effay towards a Materia 
" Medica of the United States. Read before the Philadelphia Medical Society, 
" on the 21ft of February, 1798," in which there is much valuable information^ 
refpe&ing the medicinal indigenous plants of thefe United States. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. €l 

Several fpecies of iris. [Ins.) 
Several fpecies of rufh. (Scirpus.) 
Several fpecies of panic grafs. (Panicum.) 
Walter's grafs. [Cornucopia perennans.) Walter, 
pleafed with the idea of its excellence, thus expreffes 
himfelf in defcribing it. " Gramen undique laeve, fac- 
" charinum, aeftatem fuftinens, in hyeme vigens, radi- 
" cibus geniculifque fe cito propagans. Donum inaef- 
"timabile; conditore ad hanc diem refervatum, hoc 
" aevum, me int'lrumento, locupletatum !" Walter's Ca~ 
roliniana, page 74. 

Meadow fox tail grafs. (Alopecurus pratenfis.) 
Carolinian fox tail grafs. (Alopecurus Carolinianus.) 
Crab grafs, or crop grafs. (Syntherisma, praecox, fe- 
rotina, et villofa.) This grafs bears one or two cuttings 
during the feafon ; and grows to the height of two Or 
three feet. It makes its appearance in the latter end of 
Apul and beginning of May, with the crops which are 
then advancing) and does not mature itfelf until the latter 
end of fummer, about the time the crops are made. It 
was hence called crop grass: and by adulteration, is 
now called crab grass. In good high land, or where it 
has been manured, this grafs comes up thickly without 
being fown : and what with the little trouble attending 
its growth, and the excellence of its fodder, it is the 
grafs which is moft attended to in Carolina. 
Bent grafs. (Agrostis.) 
Feather grafs. (Stipa.) 
Melic grafs. (Melica.) 
Sea fide oats. (Uniola paniculata.) 
Quaking grafs. (Briza.) 
Several fpecies of meadow grafs. (Poa.) 
Some fpecies of fefcue grafs. (Festuca.) 
Brome grafs. (Bromus Ciliatus.) 
Oat grafs. (Avena Caroliniana.) Grows in rich 
tide lands. When cut green, it makes an excellent 
fodder for horfes. 

Cane 



fa A VIEW OF 

Cane or reed. (Arundo, gigantea, et te&a.) Grows 
in low grounds and river fwamps. 1 he arundo gigan- 
tea, is ufed for angling rods, and weaving looms; and 
grows To large towards the heads of the rivers, that, a 
joint of the cane, is faid to hold near a pint of liquor. 
-Their leaves, continue throughout the winter ; and af- 
ford excellent food for cattle. Thefe canes are now to be 
found in quantities, only in the rich deep fwamps of 
the lower country. At the firft fettlement of this hate, 
the vallies of the middle and upper country, then in 
the poffeffion of the Indians, encouraged a plentiful 
growth of cane. But frnce the whites have fpread 
them lei ves over the fame, with their herds of cattle 
and hogs, the canes in thefe narrow fwamps and val- 
lies, are kept fo clofely cut down, by the continual 
brojvfeing of cattle, as to have nearly extirpated them. 

Rve grafs. (Hordeum nodofum ?) Grows in high 
river fwamp, and fprings very early in the year, being 
matured in May. 

Dog tail grafs. [Cynomrus.) 

Button wood. (Cephalantlms Occidentalis.) Grows 
in watery places : bloiloins in June. A wafh of tie de- 
codHon of this plant, is faid to be good for the palfey. 

American Callicarpa. [Callicarpa Americana.) 
Grows on dry lands ; is faid to be ufeful in dropfical 
complaints : bloifoms in July. 

Plantain. (Plardago Virginica, et Caroliniana.) 
Grows on dry lands ; blofioms in April. 

Creeping Mitchella. [Mitchella repens.) Grows in 
mellow good lands under the fhade, and near the roots 
of trees. It bloifoms in May ; and is extremely fra- 
grant. 

Wild madder. [Riibia peregrina.) 

Flowering Ptelea. [Ptelea trifoliata.) Grows in the 
upper country, near the waters of Savannah river; 
an ornamental fhrub. 

Highland dogwood. (Cornus Florida.) Grows on 

light 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 63 

light high land with a blackifli mould. It is a ftrong 
tough wood, ufed fome times for cogs in machinery. It 
bloflbms early in the fpring : and with fome planters^ 
the bloffoms are coniidered as good fignals Cor com- 
mencing the planting of Indian corn. Its bark is con- 
fiderably aftringent; and has long been employed in 
intermittent fevers. A decoction of it has alio been 
found ufeful, in a malignant fever called che Yellow 
Water, Canada distemper, &c, which has carried oft 
numbers of the horfes in the United States. Belides this 
Walter mentions two other fpecies, Cornus fanguinea, 
and Cornus alba; the laft of which is alfo noticed by 
Catefby. 

Pink root, or Indian Pink. (Spigelia Marilandica.) 
Grows in good high land, in the lower and middle coun- 
try ; but more particularly on the declivities adjacent 
to fwamps. It alfo grows in the mountainous parts of 
the flate ; and has become a profitable article of trade 
with the Cherokee Indians. It bloffoms in May and 
June ; and is ufed in worm cafes, with much fuccefs. 

Several fpecies of Convolvulus. [Convolvulus.) Of 
thefe fome grow on high land, and others in cultiva- 
ted fwamp ; they blofibm from May to Auguft. 

Yellow Jaffmin. (Bignonia Sempervirens.) Grows 
plentifully on the large fea iflands, and parts of the 
lower country not far removed from falts. It blofToms 
in March and April 5 and is extremely agreeable, both 
to the eye and the fmell. 

Thorn apple. (Datura tatula.) Grows near dung hills, 
and other loofe rich high grounds. It poffeffes delete- 
rious qualities; and its leaves and bark, either ufed (im- 
ply, or in ointment, are very healing for gall and fores. 

Great broad leaved mullein. (Verbascum Thapfus.) 
Grows in old fields ; bloflbms in May and June. 

Hoary white and red flowered mullein. (Verbascum 
lychnitis.) Grows in fandy pine land ; bloffoms in May 
and June. 

Red 



64 A VIEW OF 

Red flowered American honey- fuckle. (Azalea nu* 
diflora.) Walter fays, there are varieties of this 
fpecies "varietates, floribus incarnatis, fulvis etluteis." 
Grows towards Savannah River, on the fides of hills. 
This is the moft brilliant fpecies of Honeyfuckle in 
the Hate; highly ornamental for gardens and pleafure 
grounds. 

White American honey-fuckle. (Azalea vifcofa.) 
Grows throughout the Hate, in mellow grounds. Its 
flowers are variegated; fome being red; fome inclining 
to purple ; and others being white. 

Some fpecies of night fhade. (Solanum.) 

Iron wood. (Sideroxylon.) Grows in high fwampy 
land. 

Bell flower. (Campanula perfoliata.) Grows near 
water courfes ; bloffoms in May. 

Evergreen fcariet trumpet honey-fuckle. (Lonicera 
Scmpervirens.) A great climber, growing on high land; 
of ornamental appearance ; blolloms in April. 

Red American woodbine, or honey-fuckle. (Loni- 
cera.) A beautiful climbing plant; bloffoms in Janu- 
ary and February; alfo in May and June; grows on 
drv land ; and iometimes on river fwamp, towards the 
mouths of the rivers. 

Yellow Carolinian woodbine, or honey-fuckle, (Lo- 
nicera lutea Carolinienfis.) I have fo called this flow- 
ering plant; it not yet being noticed in any botanical 
book refpecling this date. It is of the climbing fpecies, 
bearing bright yellow bloffoms, extremely elegant and 
fragrant : in form and appearance much like the Engl i(h 
honey-fuckle. And has only yet been found growing 
in a iouthern expofure, on the rocks of Paris's Moun- 
tain; in Greenville difhriO:. 

Carolinian Buck thorn. (Rhamnus Carolinianus.) 
grows in fti ong good land, bloffoms in May. 

Virginian Itea. (Ilea Virginica.) A flowering fhrub, 
growing in the upper country. 

Cluttered 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 65 

Cluftered flowering Cyriila. (Cyrilla racemifloras) 
Grows in low fandy lands throughout the itate ; blof- 
foms in June. 

Some fpecies of dog's bane. {Vincetoxicum et Af- 
clepias.) 

Pleurify root. (Asclepias Decumbens.) 

Some fpecies of gentian, commonly called Samfon's 
fnake root. (Gentiana.) Grows in fwampy places in 
the lower country, near the fhade of trees ; blofTomin"'- 
m October and November. I have alfo feen it growing 
on the high land, adjacent to Pendleton Court-houfe. 

Carolinian Glafswort or prickly fait wort, or kali. 
(Salfola Caroliniana.) Grows near fea fhores, and fait 
water; bloffoming, in Auguft and September, 

Lambs quarters. (Chenopjdiwii Album.) Grows in 
mellow lands, and is ufed as a garden vegetable. 

Jerufalem oak. [Chenopodium Anthel.nintiv:um.) A 
noxious weed, growing in dry grounds ; which having 
a long tap root, is with difficulty deftroyed. Like the 
pink root, or Indian pink, the juice of its leaves is 
ufed in worm cafes, with fuccefs. 

Sea blite, or white glafs wort. (Client podium Mari- 
timum.) Grows near the fait beaches. 

Some fpecies of elm. (Ulmus.) They grow in mel- 
low and low grounds, and are trees of ornamental ap- 
pearance ; in delicacy exceeding any of our forefl: tribe. 
One fpecies of them, known by the common name of 
wahoo, affords a pliable bark, which when (tripped, and 
foaked in water, is made fometirries into firings and 
ropes, their wood is alfo ufed by carnage makers; for 
the naves of wheels. Walter mentions fbdr lpecies 
of ulmus growing in this ftate : viz. Campeltris, Ame* 
ricana, pumila, et pubefcens. 

Maryland Sanicle. (Sdniculd Marilandica.) Bio A 
Corns in June. 

Wild carrot, or bird's nefh (Daucus.) 

Virginian water parfnip. (Sium ngidius.) 

I Creeping 



66 A VIEW OF 

Creeping water parfnip. (Slum nodiflorum.) The 
two above fpecies of parfnip grow in watery places ; 
and are of poifonous nature. 

Aromatic Angelica (Angelica lucida.) Grows on 
rich land in the upper country, and on the mountains. 
Its root is much eiteemed ; relembling, in fome refpe&s, 
the ginfeng in tafte. 

Hairy giant fennel. (Ferula villofa.) Grows in high 
lands which have been cleared. Where the lands are 
ftrong it will grow fix or eight feet high. 

Water hemlock. (Cicuta, maculata.) Grows at the 
fides of rivers in the lower country : of poifonous na- 
ture. Bloffoms in Auguft. 

Canadian elder. (Sambacus. Canadenfis.) Grows 
near fences on high land; and plentifully fometimes in 
good river fwamp. Deco&ions of its leaves are ufed 
fuccefsfully for eruptions of the fkin, and bruifesj 
bloffoms in May. 

Common chick weed. (Ahine media.) 
Wild flax. (Linum Virginianum.) Grows towards 
the mountains. 

Dwarf palmetto. (Corypha pumila.) Grows in 
fwampy land, which is generally dry ; fituated at the 
head of frefh water rivers, in the lower country. It 
alfo grows on the fea iflands. 

Cabbage palmetto. (Corypha palmetto.) Grows on 
the fea iflands, and on lands adjacent to fait water rivers, 
a few miles from the fea. Thefe trees (hoot up a ftrong 
fpungy item, thirty or forty feet high; and are much 
ufed for facing the wharves of Charlefton ; and for other 
defences, in fait water : they being lefs liable to the at- 
tacks of the fait water worms than other timber. They 
have alio been of lingular fervice in the conftruclion of 
forts ; as cannon balls bury themfelves in their fpungy 
fubitances, without detaching any dangerous fplinters 
from them. This was fully proven, at the engagement 

betwixt 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 67 

betwixt Fort Moultrie on Sullivan's Ifland, and the 
Britifh fleet, in June, 1776. 

Long mofs. [Tillandsia ufneoides.) This vegeta- 
ble, is found in abundance upon the trees in the lower 
country; particularly on the live oaks, it difappears 
above the falls of the rivers : and although endeavours 
have been made to propagate it in the upper country, 
they have always been unfuccefsful. Cattle are fond of 
it: and in hard winters, it affords a comfortable relief to 
their neceffities. It bloffoms in May. 

Atamafco lilly. [Amaryllis Atamafco.) BlofToms 
in April. 

Canadian garlick. (d Ilium Canadenfe.) 

Virginian agave. (Agave Virginica.) Walter fays 
there are varieties, foliis concoloribus, et foliis macula- 
tis; bloffoms in June. 

Several fpecies of lilly. (Lillium, fuperbum, mar- 
tagon, et Catefbaei.) Bloffoms in June and July. 

Silk grafs, or bear grafs. ( Yucca filamentofa.j This 
plant is in great plenty, on fandy lands adjacent to falts. 
It alfo grows in particular places throughout the Mate. 
Its root is ufed inftead of foap, for wafhing woollens ; 
and its leaves after being a little roafted, are fometimes 
twifted into horfe traces. It produces a beautiful dul- 
ler of white bloffoms, highly ornamental for gardening. 

Palmetto royal. {Yucca gloriofa.) Grows only on 
fea ifland^; or lands immediately connected with fait 
water. It bears a very large and beautiful duller of 
white flowers ; and bloffoms in May. Its leaves are 
ftrong ancj prickly, for which reafon it is fometimes 
planted inftead of hedges or fences. 

Sweet fmelling flagg. (Acorus Calamus.) 

Several fpecies of rufli. (Juncus.) 

Several fpecies of dock. (Rumex.) One of thefe 
called patience, is a grateful vegetable when young, not 
inferior to fpinach. This fpecies grows in rich low land. 

Fifh poifon, horfe chelnut, or buck's eye. (jEsadits 
I z Pavia*) 



g« A VIEW OF 

Pavia.) Grows in high land. Its root, is ufed as foap, 
for wafhing woollens; and if thrown into water, it has a 
property of flupiiying the filh, fo that they will lay on 
the top of the water, and may be taken with the hand ; 
the Indians in this manner ufe it for catching fifh. It 
bears a number of beautiful red blofloms, of ornamen- 
tal appearance $ and puts them forth in March and 
April. 

Small white flowered asfculus, (jEsculus Parviflora.) 
This flower is mentioned particularly by Bartram in his 
travels, as a non-defcript ; and is to be found towards 
Keowee River, and the adjacent mountains, on hi^h 
land ; it blofloms in June and July. 

iVlarfh leather wood. (Dirca Paluftris.) 

Red bay tree. (Laurus Borbonia.) Grows in the 
lower country. Its grain is fo fine, and bears fo goo4 
a pohfhj that it is fometimes ufed for cabinet work and 
furniture; affording almofl as good an appearance, as 
mahogany. 

Spice wood. [Laurus Benzoin.) Grows in watery 
places. Doco6tions made from it, are given to horfes 
in the upper country, fuccefsfuly in certain cafes; 
bloiToms in March and April. 

Saflafras tree. (Laurus Saflafras.) Grows on infe- 
rior high land, of fandy nature; and bloifoms in 
April. Doco£tions from its roots or flowers, are great 
cleanfers of the blood; and, it hence conilitutes a part 
of diet drinks. As polls for fencing, its timber is of 
long duration. 

Red bud tree. (Cercis Canadenfis.) Grows on mel- 
low good land. Its blofloms are ufed fome times as 
fallad. An ornamental tree; blcffoming the latter end 
of March, and in April. 

Several fpecies of caffia. (Cassia.) 
Several fpecies of Andromeda. (Andromeda.) They 
grow, for the moil part, in four, fpungy, fwamps. 

Some 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 69 

Some, however, grow on high land, of ornamental ap- 
pearance ; thev bloflom in May. 

Calico flower, wild ivy, or laurel. (Kalmia latifo- 
lia.) This is a beautiful flowering ever green; whofe 
flowers of red and white, grow in fuch large clutters 
together ; as to give the whole plant at a fmall diftance, 
the appearance of having a bit of calico thrown over it. 
It grows luxuriantly in the middle and upper coun- 
try, below the mountains, near water courfes. But 
on the mountains it grows any where. It is to be found 
in the lower country, on the banks of Sampit Creek 
and Black River, in Georgetown diftricl ; bloflbms in 
April and May. It kills Iheep and other animals '' 
which eat its leaves. The American Indians fomerimes 
ufe a deco&ion of it to deftroy themfelves; and a de- 
coction of it externally applied, has often cured the itch. 
Small ivy. (Kalmia hirfata.) Grows towards the 
high hills of Santee. 

Sonel tree. (Andromeda arborea.) Grows in the 
upper country, on fteriie land, and on the mountains. 
Its leaves are as pleafant to the tafte, as garden forrel. 
It is a plant of handfome appearance, and in the upper 
country grows to a large tree. 

Rofe-bay. (Rhododendron ferrugineum.) A beauti- 
ful fcarlet flowering fhrub, growing near watery places 
in the upper country ; particularly near the rivers, and 
on the mountains; bloffoms in May. 

Several fpecies of whortle-berry. (Vaccinium.) Some 
of thefe grow in high land, and fome in fwamps. 

Syrian ftorax tree ? (Styrax officinale?) a beautiful 
and fragrant flowering fhrub, growing in the lower coun- 
try, on lands adjacent to low grounds; and blofTom- 
ing in May. 

Another fpecies, with a fmaller leaf and bloffom. 
(Styrax laeve ?) Grows in ponds, and low grounds, in 
the lower country. 

Carolina fcarlet pink. (Dianthus Carolinianus.) 

Carolinan 



7 o • A VIEW OF 

Carolinian catchfly. (Silene Caroliniana.) Grows 
on the declivity of hills in the lower country, adjacent 
to fwamps ; particularly near the river fwamps in St. 
James's Parifh Santee ; bloffoms in May. A deception 
of the root is uled, and is faid to have been found a 
very efficacious remedy in worm cafes. It is faid, alio, 
to be of poifonous nature. 

Poke. (Phytolacca decandria.) Grows on rich land. 
The young fprouts of it are ufed in the fpring for foup. 
But, after it be grown larger, it poffefies cathartic pow- 
ers of too violent nature, to allow its further ufe. 

Glaucus Hydrangea. (Hydrangea glauca.) Grows 
half way down the banks of Keowee River, and on the 
Table Mountain. This is a fingular beautiful, and 
flowering fhrub; its branches terminate, with large heavy 
panicles of flowers, of two kinds. Thofe, neareft the 
branch, are clufters of numerous finall fruitful flowers; 
terminating with one or more large expanfive neutral 
four petaled flowers, {landing on a feperate long, {len- 
der, and ftiff peduncle ; it bloffoms in the autumn : 
and a beautiful fpecies of the fame, is defcribed and 
engraven in Bartram's travels, page 380. 

Halefia or fnow drop tree. (Halesia tetraptera.) 
Grows along the flopes of fandy hills : much of it is 
growing on the fandy grounds adjacent to the ferry of 
North Santee. It throws out a number of flowers, of 
ornamental appearance, and bloffoms in May. 

Green purflane. (Portulaca oleracea.) 

Venus's fly trap. (Dionxa Mufcipula.) Grows 
near the fea more road on the borders of North Caro- 
lina, in moift places or favannahs. Its leaf poffeffes 
fuch fenfitive powers, that when infects light thereon, the 
leaves clofe from either fide, like a ferrated fteel fpring 
trap * and there detain the unfortunate infect fo long, 
as its ftruggles excite the irritable powers of the leaf. 

(Euphorbia Ipecacuanha.) A plant poffeffing many 
very active emetic virtues. 

Common Indian fig, or prickly pear. (Cactus o- 

puntia.J 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. ;i 

puntia.) Grows plentifully on the fea iflands, and on 
fandy lands, adjacent to fait water. It alfo grows in 
foine places, in the middle and upper country ; and is 
to be found occafionally on the rocks ; particularly at 
Picken's-ville; it bloflbms in May. 

Mock orange. (Philaddphus inodorus.) Grows in 
the middle and upper country, near water courfes. An 
ornamental fhrub. 

Common black cherry. (Prunus Virginica.) Grows 
in the upper country, in dry ftrong foils. 

Wild oiange, or Portugal laurel. (Prunus lufitani- 
ca.) Grows in knolls on frefh water fwamp lands, in 
the lower and middle country. This tree is a beauti- 
ful ever green, growing to the height of thirty feet or 
more : and in March putting forth a profufion of blof- 
foms of ftrong mellifluous flavour. Its foliage is fo 
clofe, that it is fuccefsfully ufed for hedges. 

Large black floe. (Prunus.) Grows in the middle 
and upper country, in rich land. 

Small black floe. (Prunus.) Grows in the lower 
country, on the fandy ridges in tide fwamp lands. This 
plant puts forth a number of beautiful white cluftered 
bloflbms in March; at a fmall diflance they look like fo 
many large white rofes. It is highly ornamental when 
introduced into the fhrubbery of a garden. 

Winter plumb. ( Prunus Spinofa ?) Grows in high 
mellow fwamp, and bears a rich fruit, which is much 
ufed in making fugar preferves. It is fuppofed to be 
the richeft indigenous plumb, growing within the boun- 
daries of the ftate. 

Several fpecies of thorn. (Crataegus.) 

Crab apple tree. (Pyrus Coronaria.) Grows in 
high land, in the lower country. It bloflbms in April, 
and then prefents a beautiful rofe coloured appearance ; 
by its fragrance perfuming the atmofphere, for fome 
diflance around. It bears an acid fruit, which is pre- 
ferved occafionally with fugar, 

Carolina 



ya A VIEW 6F 

Carolina rofe. (Rofa Caroliniana.) Grows ore 
clayey foils, near water : and adjacent to ditches. 

Indian phytic, Ipecacuanha, or Bowman's root, 
(Spircea trifoliata.) The bark of the root of this plant, 
is a fafe and efficacious emetic, in dofes of about thirty 
grains; along with its emetic, it feems to po fiefs a tonic 
power. It has accordingly been thought peculiarly 
beneficial in the intermittent fever ; and, it is ofteri 
given to hor fes to mend their appetites. 

Black fruited rafpberry. (Rubus occidentalis.) Grows 
towards the mountains, in the upper country- 
Several fpecies of blackberry. (Rubus.) Both creep- 
ing and upright. 

Scarlet ftrawberry. [Fr agar in vefca.) Grows iri 
the upper country: in Indian old fields, and other o- 
pen grounds, in abundance. 

Canadian cinquefoil. (Potentilla Canadenfis.) Grows 
on high land. 

Sweet fcented fhrub, or Carolina alfpice. (Caly- 
canthus Ploridus.) Grows abundantly in the miaule 
and upper country, near low lands. It alfo is to f e 
found in the lower country, a few miles above Nel- 
fon's ferry ; where it grows plentifully along the fandy 
bluffs, of Santee River; bloffoms in April.* 

Linden tree. (Tilia Americana.) Grows in the up- 
per country, in high fwamp. 

Canadian puccoon. [Sanguinaria Canadenfis.) 
Grows in the upper country, in mellow good high land. 
The root dies a bright red, with which the Indians ufed 
to paint themfelves, anterior to the fettlement of this 
ilate, by the whites. They now ufe it for dying fome 

of 



* During the late American war, neceflity drove the inhabitants, in many 
jparts of the United States, to feek for a fubftitute for fome of the fpices, to which 
they had been accuftomed. They ufed the dried and powdered berries cf the laurus 
benzoin, which we call fpice wood, and wild alfpice bufh, and found them a 
tolerable fubftitute for alfpice. See Burtram's essay towards a Materia Mediea 
of the United States. Page 20. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 73 

of their manufa&ures ; particularly their cane bafkets. 
It is faid to pofTefs emetic qualities. 

Several fpecies of fide faddle flower. (Sarracenia.) 
Grows in boggy grounds in the lower country. Bartram, 
in his introduction to his travels, calls them insert 
catchers. 

May apple. (Podophyllum peltatum.) Grows in 
high lands on cultivated grounds in the lower country, 
blofToming in April. It bears a fruit of a fickly fweetifh 
tafte; and its root and leaves are faid to pofTefs cathartic, 
and anthelmintic virtues. 

Several fpecies of water lilly. (Nymphcea.) 

Carolinian blue larkfpur. (Delphinium Carolini- 
anum.) Grows in the upper country; bloffoms in May. 

Smooth annona, or papaw. (Annona.) Triloba.) 
Grows in the rich fwampy lands of the upper country ; 
towards, and at tl^e mountain?. This tree bears a fruit, 
in fhape fome whaPlike a banana j but thicker. When 
ripe, it is covered like the banana, with a thin dark fkin, 
containing in the infide a rich pulp ; tailing, fomewhat 
between a banana, and a perfimon ; in the pulp are 
a few feeds, nearly like thofe of a perfimon. 

Flowering poplar, or tulip tree. (Liriodendron 
Tulipifera.) Thefe are beautiful flowering tall {traight 
growing trees, generally found in mellow land, inclining 
to moilf. They grow throughout the ftate. In the 
upper country they grow on high land, as well as in 
low fituations ; and far outflrip thofe of the lower 
country. Some of their (terns are faid to be eighteen 
or twenty feet in circumference ; and their height, in 
fuch cafes, is from feventy to one hundred feet : one 
half of which diftance, the Hem is without branches. 
The wood of this tree is ufed in planks, or wainfcot 
work ; bloffoms in May. The bark of the liriodendron 
is frequently ufed in intermittents. Many perfons are 
of opinion, that in this cafe, it is but little inferior tor 
Peruvian bark* 

K Evergreen 



74 



A VIEW OF 



Evergreen Carolinian laurel tree, or magnolia. (Mag- 
%oli a Grandiflora.) Grows in the lower country, adja- 
cent to falts, in good high land, or on knolls, in dry 
fwampy land. This tree is one of the moil noble of 
our foreft tribe ; putting forth large white and fragrant 
blofToms in May ; and ihooting up its ftem to the 
height of fifty or fixty feet. It is highly ornamental, 
in gardens and pleafure grounds. 

Mountain laurel : (Qu. Species?) Grows near 
water, on the Occonnee and other mountains, in this 
ftate. 

Small fweet bay tree. [Magnolia Glauca.) Grows 
in wet foils, in the low country; putting forth fragrant 
white blofToms in May ; the bark is an agreeable aroma- 
tic, tonic medicine. 

Cucumber tree. [Magnolia Acuminata.) Grows 
in the upper country y and on the Table Mountain. A 
fpirituous tinfture of the cones or feed veffels of this 
tree, has been ufed advantageoufly in rheumatic com- 
plaints. 

Umbrella tree. (Magnolia Tripetala.) Grows in 
the lower country, in high fwamp land, near falts. 
From its large leaf it is called the umbrella tree. 

Frafer's auriculated bay tree. (Magnolia Fraferi.) 
Grows in the upper parts of the ftate, on the ridges in 
the neighbourhood of Keowee ; and onwards to the 
mountains. 

Wild marjoram ? (Origanum.) Grows on the rocks 
at Pickenfville. 

Wild penny royal. (Mentha.) This grows plen- 
tifully in many old fields, and by the fides of many 
roads, in the upper country, fo that air is perfumed by 
it where you tread ; it is not clear however that it is an 
indigenous plant. 

Wild lavender. (Lavandula.) Grows on the Table 
Mountain ; blofToms in Auguft, 

Aih leaved fcarlet trumpet flower, (Bignonia radi- 

qans.) 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 75 

cans.) A climber, growing in the lower country ; and 
bloffoming in June. 

Shepherd's purfe. (Thlapsi, burfa paftoris.) A nox- 
ious weed, growing in ftrong land. 

Shepherd's needle. (Scandix infefta.) A noxious 
weed alfo. 

Flowering ftewartia. (Stewartia malacodendron.) 
Grows in the middle and upper country. An orna- 
mental flowering fhrub. 

Mountain ftewartia. (Stewartia montana.) A new 
fpecies difcovered by Mr. Bartram, in his travels through 
this ftate, in 1776. Growing near Keowee, and onwards 
to the mountains. 

Several fpecies of hibifcus. (Hibiscus.) One of 
which (Hibiscus paluftris,) grows and bloffoms lux- 
uriantly in June, July and Auguft, in the tide lands of 
the lower country. 

Loblolly bay tree. (Gordonia Lacianthus.) Grows 
in fwampy places in the lower country ; particularly in 
thofe low traces of land, called bays. 

Several fpecies of milkwort. (Polygala.) 

Senega rattle make root. (Polygala fenega.) This 
plant poffeffes great medicinal virtues. 

Wild coral. (Erythrina herbacea.) Grows in high 
fandy land, in the lower country. In May this plant 
fhoots up a Item two or three feet high, red, with beau- 
tiful bloffoms ; extremely ornamental in gardens. 

Lupines. (Lupinus, perennis et pilofus.) Grow in 
fandy barren lands, in the lower and middle country ; 
blofToming in May. 

Several fpecies of trefoil. (Trifolium.) Grow in 
high fwamp, and valley lands. 

Several fpecies of French honeyfuckle. (Hedysa- 
rum.) 

Wild pea. (Dolichos.) Grows on the mountains. 

Locuft tree or falfe acacia, with white bloffoms. (Ro- 
hinia pfeudacacia.) Grows in the upper country near 

K 2 rivers; 



j-6 A VIEW OF 

rivers, and on high fwamp land. This is a delicate and 
ornamental tree, putting out in fpring a profufion of 
white mellifluous bloflbms ; and its wood is of fo tough 
and elaftic a nature, that the beft bows of the Indians 
are manufactured from it. 

Locuft tree, with rofe coloured bloflbms. {Robinia, 
his pida.) Grows on or near the Occonnee Mountain. 
An bandfome coloured engraving of this tree, is in 
Catefby's Carolina. 

Sweet leaf, or horfe fugar. {Hopea tinftoria.) Grows 
in the lower country, on high land. Its leaf, when chew- 
ed, has a fweetifh tafle ; and it makes a beautiful yellow 
dye ; bloflbms in April. 

Carolina faffron. {Carthamus Carolinianus.) Grows 
in the lower country. 

Several fpecies of agrimony. (Eupatorium.) 

Wild horehound, {Eupatorium pilofum.) Grows 
in mellow land, in the lower country. It is bitter and 
ftomachic, and of much virtue in curing the bites of 
fnakes. 

Tame horehound. {Eupatorium marrubrium.) Grows 
in high cleared land throughout the ftate. 

Thoroughwort. (Eupatorium perfoliatum.) Grows 
in mellow land; is a powerful cleanfer of the blood. 
Is alfo an emetic, and ufed by the Indians as a medi- 
cine in intermittent fevers. 

Cat's foot, or life everlafting. {Gnaphaluim marga- 
ritaceum ?) Grows in old fields in the lower country ; 
faid to be good for colds and coughs. 

Several fpecies of golden rod. (Solidago.) 

Several fpecies of ftarwort. {Aster.) Some beau- 
tiful fpecies of which grow in the upper country ; blof- 
lbms in September and Oftober. 

Several fpecies of fun flower. (Rudbeckia, etHelian- 
fhus.) 

Several fpecies of violet. {Viola.) 

§eyeral fpecies of Lobelia. {Lobelia.) Grow fame 

in 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 77 

in mellow grounds, and fome in watery places ; blof- 
foms in June, July, and Auguft. Of the roots of one 
of the fpecies growing on the mountains, the Indians 
make a part of their diet drink. It pofieffes diuretic 
qualities. 

Some fpecies of paffion flower. (Passiflora.) 
Virginian fnake root. (Aristolachia Serpentaria.) A 
tonic bitter, poffeffing a pungent aromatic tafte, prefer- 
able to the common fnake root. 

Several fpecies of arum, or wampee. (Arum*) Grow 
in ditches and fwampy lands 3 poflefs ftimulating quali- 
ties. 

Some fpecies of Birch. (Betula.) Grow on high 
fwamp, adjacent to large frefh water rivers. The 
young faplings are ufed for hoop poles ; the wood lafts 
long in water; but will rot in the courfe of a year, ex- 
pofed on dry land. 

Alder. (Betula alnus.) Grows near frefh water 
rivers and in vallies ; bloffoms in February. 

Water oats. (Zizania aquatica, et paluftris.) 
Grows on the borders of frefh water rivers, where the 
tides flow, and in rice field ditches. They make good 
fodder, when cut green. 

Chefnut tree. (Fagus caftanea.) Grows to a large 
tree in the upper country, and on the mountains, pro- 
ducing excellent chefnuts. Its timber is large and dur- 
able, and is applied to many ufes of hufbandry. The 
inhabitants of the upper country, often give way to the 
pernicious cuftom of cutting them down for the chef- 
nuts. The confequence will be, that what with the clear- 
ing of lands, and this mode of gathering the fruit, thefe 
trees in time will be nearly extirpated below the moun- 
tains. 

Chinquapin tree. (Fagus pumila.) Grows through- 
out the ftate. Its fruit is fmallandaof roundiih form, 
tailing like the chefnut. 

Beech tree, (Fagus Sylvatica.) Grows in mellow 

land, 



}8 A VIEW OF 

land, and in the rich high fwamps ; particularly of the 
middle and upper country. Beech trees are not there 
unfrequently feen with tall ftraight Items, three or four 
feet diameter. 

Carolina live oak tree. (Quercus fempervirens.) 
Grows on the fea iflands; and on lands adjacent to falts. 
This tree is an evergreen, and the moil durable oak 
which the ftate affords. It is almoft as heavy as lignum 
vitae; and its parts have fuch adhefion, that it will not 
fplit; and a nail once driven into it, is with difficulty 
extracted. Its trunk is fhort, fometimes fix and feven 
feet diameter; and its large crooked branches will fome- 
times fpread over near half an acre of ground. It is 
much ufed in fhip building. 

Carolina willow leaved oak. (Quercus Phellos.) 
Grows in watery places in the lower country. 

Highland dwarf willow leaved oak. (Quercus humi- 
lis.)- 

Shrub oak. (Quercus pumila.) Grows on high pine 
land, and barren grounds, ufeful for fire wood and hoop 
poles. 

Chefnut leaved white oak. (Quercus prinus.) Grows 
to a large tree throughout the ftate, generally in rich low 
land. It is ufed for various purpofes of hufbandry. 
Not only for plank, but it may be eafily fplit into bar- 
rel (laves, rails, and clap boards. 

Black oak, or black jack. (Quercus nigra.) Grows 
in high land, in the lower parts of the ftate, into a large 
fhrub. But in the middle and upper country it grow* 
into a handfome tree. 

Water oak. (Quercus aquatica.) 

Red oak. (Quercus rubra.) Grows in good high 
land ; and is ufed for rails, ftaves, and clap boards; and 
its bark for tannins; leather. 

Smooth leaved oak. (Quercus laevis.) 

White oak. (Quercus Alba.) Of which there are 
two fpeciesj pinnatinda, et repanda. Grows in high 

land; 



SOUTH-CAROLINA., 79 

land; and is called by fome post oak. In the middle 
and upper country, it is much ufed for the corner and 
other principal pofts of buildings : and lafts long when 
fixed in the ground, without rotting. 

Harp leaved, or water white oak. (Quercus Lyrata.) 
Grows in fwampy lands. 

Spanifh oak. (Quercus finuata.) Grows on high land 
in the lower country, into a large and beautiful tree. 
Hairy leaved oak. (Quercus villofa.) 
Upland white oak* (Quercus obtufiloba.) Grows in 
high land. 

Mountain chefnut oak. (Quercus prinus monticola.) 
Grows on the mountains. 

Chinquapin oak. (Quercus prinus pumila.) Grows 
in the upper country. 

Upland willow oak. (Quercus cinerea.) Grows in 
the lower country. 

Laurel leaved oak. (Quercus Laurifolia.) Grows 
in fhady forefts on the fea coaft, in the lower country. 
Great black oak. (Quercus Tincloria.) Grows on 
the mountains. 

Downy black oak. (Quercus Triloba.) 
Downy red oak. (Quercus Falcata.) 
Sandy red oak. (Quercus Catefbaei.) Grows in bar- 
ren fandy land. 

Scarlet oak. (Quercus Coccinea.) Grows in the up- 
per country. In the autumnal months, the leaves of 
this tree affume a beautiful fcarlet appearance. 

Hickory nut tree. (Juglans Alba.) Grows in flrong 
land. Its young faplings are ufed for hoop poles, and 
its timber for cogs, and other ufes of hufbandry. 

Black walnut. (Juglans nigra.) Grows fometimes 
in high land in the lower and middle country. In the 
upper country it grows in the intervales, becoming a 
large tree ; and its timber is much ufed in making ca- 
binet work; which in fome cafes, is little inferior to 
mahogany. 

Shell 



8o A VIEW OF 

Shell bark hickory nut. (Juglans cinerea.) Grows 
in the upper country. 

Hazel. (Corylus.) Grows in the upper country, in 
vallies and near waters; producing excellent hazel nuts. 

American plane tree. (Platanus Occidentals.) 
Grows near frefh water rivers, and in mellow lands; 
more efpecially in the middle and upper country. In 
this ftate it is commonly called fycamore ; in the nor- 
thern ftates, button tree. 

Pitch pine. (Pinus tseda.) Grows in the lower and 
middle parts of the ftate. This tree affords turpentine, 
rofm, tar, and pitch • and may be confidered the moft 
valuable tree in the ftate. 

Yellow pine. (Pinus lutea.) Grows in the lower 
and middle country. From this tree, fhip and other 
planks, flooring boards, feather edge boards, and houfe 
frames, are fawed. It is ufed alfo for mafts of veffels. 

White pine. (Pinus Strobus.) Grows in the neigh- 
bourhood of the mountains, 

(Pinus Sylveftris. I \ Bartram fays they grow near 

Fir. (Pinus Abies.) J, the Occonnee Mountain. 

Loblolly pine. (Pinus paluftris.) Grows in low 
places, in the lower country; is appropriated to common 
plantation ufes, and for fencing rails. 

§3°* The pitch and yellow pines of this ftate, grow 
to the height of upwards of one hundred feet, with a 
beautiful ftraight ftem two thirds of the way, free from 
branches. They are ufed as mafts for veffels. 

Sweet gum. (Liquidambar Styraciflua.) Grows in 
high land; and poffeffes a fweet gum, of valuable me- 
dicinal virtues. 

Carolina Cyprus tree. (Cupressus difticha.) Grows 
in frefh water fwamps, in the lower country ; and in 
fome parts of the middle country. This tree, for 
height and thicknefs, is the largeft tree growing in this 
ftate. Some of them meafure thirty feet circumference 
round the lower part of their ftem ; and 3 their wood is 

very 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. Si 

very lading, and eafy to work. Large boats are made 
of them, by joining two or three pieces together; and 
fix or ekht oared canoes, are fometimes made from a 
fingle tree. It affords plank and timber for various 
ufes in building and agriculture ; boards for panel work, 
and fhindes for covering houfes. 

Wild olive. (Olea Americana.) Grows on the fea 
iflands ; bloffoms in May. v 

Mulberry tree. (Morns rubra.) Grows in the up- 
per country in good lands, principally in mellow low 
grounds. 

Prickly leaved red berry holly. (Ilex aquifolium.) 
Grows in dry land : an evergreen. Its wood is very- 
white; as fuch ufed by cabinet makers, for inlaying 
mahogany. 

Yellow berried holly. (Called fo, by Walter, " bac- 
cis flavis ;" it may, however, only be a variety.) 

Dahoon holly. (Ilex Dahoon.) Grows in the lower 
country, in watery places near the fea fliore ; a beauti- 
ful fpecies of evergreen, bearing red berries in clutters. 

Myrtle leaved holly, with red berries. (Ilex Myr- 
tifolia.) Grows towards the middle country in fwampy 
land. Much of this holly is to be found along the 
Orangeburgh road from Charlefton. 

Deciduous holly. (Ilex decidua.) Grows in low 
lands in the lower country, producing red berries. 

Candleberry myrtle. (Myrica cerefera. ) Grows on 
the lea iflands, and on lands not far removed from 
falts. From the berries of this tree a wax of excellent 
nature is made, fuitable for foap and candles. 

Several fpecies of grapes. (Vitis.) Thefe grow a- 
bundantly, throughout the country; and will fome- 
times climb to the tops of the higheft trees. 

Prickley a(h. (Zanthoxylum Fraxinifolium.) Grows 
in high land. 

Hercules' club, tooth ache tree, or pelletorv* (Zan- 
thoxylum Clava Herculis.) Grows on the fea iflands, 

L and 



ga A VIEW OF 

and on grounds immediately adjacent to falts. The 
bark, leaves and root of this tree, are of a pungent na- 
ture, ufed fuccefsfully fometimes for the tooth ache ; 
it alfo promotes falivation, and has been given in cafes 
of rheumatifm. 

Some fpecies of willow. (Salix.) 

Several fpecies of fmilax. (Smilax.) Grow in mel- 
low lands and in fwamps. 

China root. (Smilax China.) Ufeful in diet drinks. 

Sarfaparilla. (Smilax farfaparilla.) Alfo ufeful in 
diet drinks. 

Caffena fhrub. (Prinos glaber.) Grows on the fea 
ifiands, and adjacent to falts. This plant is a delicate 
evergreen ; perfectly adapted to garden hedges, and 
much ufed in this (late for that purpofe. It is thought 
to be one of the mod powerful diuietics hitherto diico- 
vered. A decoclion of this, called black drink, is ufed 
by the Indian warriors on particular public occafions. 

Carolina black poplar, or cotton tree. (Populus 
Nigra.) Grows along the borders of the large frefh 
water rivers, which come from the mountains. As a 
curious inftance of this fact, it is in plenty along the 
banks of Great Pedee ; but is fcarcely to be feen along 
thofe of Little Pedee. The waters of thofe two rivers 
are alfo differently coloured. 

Virginian poplar. (Populns Heterophylla.) 

Afpin tree. (Populus tremula.) Grows at and near 
the Occonnee and other mountains. 

Red cedar. (Junipcrus Virginiana.) Grows on 
the fea iflands, and on lands not far removed from falts. 
Small trees of it grow alfo on the Table Mountain, and 
among the rocks near Flat Creek. This tree is a 
beautiful evergreen, whofe branches fpread horizontal- 
ly, until the lowermoft will at length nearly touch the 
ground; and whofe whole appearance is a regular 
cone. The wood of this tree is ufed in many cafes of 
cabinet work 3 in timbering boats and veffels ; and as" 

timber, 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 83 

limber, or pofls to be fixed in the earth; it is the moft 
lading wood which grows in this ftate. 

Afh leaved maple. (Acer negundo.) Grows in mel- 
low lands, and fwamps. 

Sugar maple. (Acer faccharinum.) Grows in the 
upper country, in low rich land; and on the moun- 
tains.* 

Red flowering maple. (Acer rubrum.) Grows in 
fwampy lands; bloffoming the latter end of January, 
or beginning of February. It may be faid, to be thq, 
firft tree in the ftate which feels the influence of fpring; 
and its bloffoms are highly ornamental. 

Southern purple fruited nettle tree. (Cellis occiden- 
talis.) Grows along the bluff of Beaufort, and in 
fwampy places of that diftrict. Its foliage is thick and 
handfome. 

Senfitive briar. (Mimosa intfia.) Grows on high 
land, in fome parts of the lower and middle country; 
but is frequently met with in the high lands of the 
upper country. 

Five leaved Ginfeng. (Panax quinqiiefolium.) 

Three leaved ginfeng. (Panax trifolium.) The two 
above fpecies grow in the upper country, in rich land; 
near, and on the mountains. Ginfeng has been fo 
much fought by the Cherokee Indians for trade, that 
at this time, it is by no means fo plenty, as it ufed for- 
merly to be in this ftate. 

Perfimon tree. (Diospiros Virginiana.) Grows both 
in high land and river fwamps. 

Some fpecies of tupelo tree. (Nyssa.) Some with 
broad, and others with narrow leaves. They bear a 
dark coloured berry, poffeffing both a bitter and an acid 
tafte. None but the bed fwampy foils produce thefe 
trees; and they are therefore excellent criterions of 

L 2 good 

+ During the American revolutionary war, fome maple fugar was made in 
the upper country for domeflic ufe, particularly from the maple trees/ which 
grow plentifully aijacent to Turkey Creak, in York dHlria. 



g 4 A VIEW OF 

good rice land. The broad leaved tupelo is ufed for 
making bowls, and other houfe utenfils, being a clean, 
light wood. The narrow leaved tupelo, is fometimes 
called black gum; and is fo tough a wood, that it is 
ufed for the naves of cart and waggon wheels. 

Some fpeciesof afh. (Fraxinus.) Grow in fwampy 
lands ; much ufed by carriage, and block makers. 

Honey locuft tree. (Gleditsia polyfperma, of 
Millar.) Grows on high land, bearing a pod of very 
faccharine qualities ; from which a metheglin beverage 
is fometimes made. 

Witch hazel. (Hamamelis.) Grows in high land 
throughout the ftate. 

Several fpecies of fumach. (Rhus.) Grow jn high 
land throughout the ftate. 

Poifon oak. (Rhus toxicodendron.) 

Several fpecies of ferns. (Equifetum, ophioglofTum, 
ofrnunda, polypodium, afplenium, blechnum, pteris, 
et adianthum.) 

Several fpecies of modes. (Musci.) 

Several fpecies of Funguffes : confiding of Agaricus, 
Boletus, Hydnum, Phallus, Clavaria, et Lycoperdon. 



EXOTIC PLANTS, 

Which have become naturalized to South-Carolina ; or are cultivated for 
domestic use. Among which are 

Rice. (Orlza.) 

Cotton. (Gossipium.) 

Tobacco, (Nicotiana.) 

Indigo. (Indigqfera.) 

Indian corn, or maize. (Zea.) The Indians are 
faid to have been found in poffeffion of this plant, when 
America was firfl difcovered, 

Cow" 



SOUTH-CAROLINA, 85 

Cow peafe. (Pisum.) 

Long potatoes. {Convolvulus batatas.) 

Round potatoes. (Solarium tuberofum.) The In- 
dians are faid to have been found in pofleffion of this 
plant when America was firft difcovered. 

Wheat. (Triticum.) 

Rye. (Secale.) 

Barley. (Avena.) 

Buckwheat. (Polygonum.) 

Hemp. (Cannabis Sativa.) 

Flax. (Linum ufuatiffimum.) 

Turnips. (Brassica rapa.) 

Mellons, both mufk and water. (Cucumis.) 

Gourd. (Cucurbit a.) 

Pompions. (Cucurbita Melopepo.) 

Squafhes. (Cucurbita pepo.) 

Tanniers and eddoes. Species of (Arum.) 

Cucumber. (Cucumis.) 

Guinea corn of feveral kinds. (Holcus.) 

Apple. (Pyrus malus.) 

Quince. (Pyrus Cydonia.) 

Pear. (Pyrus communis.) 

Plum of feveral kinds. (Prunus.) 

Apricot. (Prunus Armeniaca.) 

Peach many kinds. (Amygdalus.) 

Neclarine. (Amygdalus Perfica, of Millar.) 

*Almond both fweet and bitter. (Amygdalus com- 
munis.) 

*01ives. (Oka.) 

Oleander. (Nerium Oleander.) A beautifully flow- 
ering and ornamental garden plant. 

*Fig feveral kinds. (Ficus.) 

Pomegranate. (Punica granatum.) Grows in great 
perfection on the fea iflands, in Beaufort diftrift: ; and 
is alfo cultivated in other parts of the ftate. 

Okra. 

* The plants ma- ked thus (*) are fometlmes killed to the roots byfevere 
winters: they put fjith however again with the return of fpring. 



86 A VIEW OF 

Okra. (Hibiscus efculentus) The pod and feeds of 
this plant, when young, is in common ufe for making 
foup during fummer, and is much efteemed. 

*Oranges, both fweet and four. (Citrus Aurantium.) 

* Lemons. (Citrus limon, of Millar.) 

* Limes. (Citrus acris, of Millar.) 

Sweet oranges, lemons, and limes, are produced in 
much perfection on fome of the fea iflands in Beaufort 
diftricl ; the four oranges are of hardier nature,^and 
grow in different parts of the ftate. 

*Popniac tree, or fragrant mimofa. (Mimosa.) A 
delicate and ornamental fhrub. 

*Palma chrifti, or caftor oil tree. (Ricinus.) It 
poffeffes cathartic qualities. The oil of this plant is a- 
bundant ; and may be eafily adapted to lighting lamps 
for machinery : particularly for the tide rice mill, which 
works both night and day. The oil is eafily extra&ed 
from the nuts, by preflure like linfeed ; or by boiling 
them, and fkimming off the oil floating on the furface. 
From an acre of land, cultivated with this plant, 
100 to 150 gallons of oil are faid to have been made. 

*Tallow tree. (Croton Sebiferum.) From the ber- 
ries of this tree a tallow is made, which is ufed in Chi- 
na for candles; it is faid to be alfo ufeful in making 
foap. 

Pride of India. (Mclia azedarach.) This plant is 
an excellent anthelmintic, a deco&ion of its roots, be- 
ing ufed with much fuccefs in worm cafes. Profeffor 
Thunberg, in his travels to Japan, fays the fruit of 
this tree was there ufed like the feeds of the Rhus Suc- 
cedanea, for making an expreffed oil; which oil grew 
hard like tallow, and was ufed for candles. It is fup- 
pofed this plant poffeffes deleterious qualities. Horfes, 
horned cattle, and hogs, however eat its leaves and 
berries with impunity; and robins (Turdus migrato- 
rius) devour the berries in fuch large quantities in 
winter, that after eating them, they aie obferved to 

fall 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 



87 



fall down, and are readily taken. This, however, is 
afcribed more to djfteniion from abundant eating; 
than to any deleterious qualities of the plant, 

Lombardy poplar. (Populu* dilatata of Millar.) 

Flowering aloe. (Agave Americana.) A beauti- 
fully (lowering plant, extremely ornamental to gardens, 
putting forth its blolfoms at the fummit of a vigorous 
ftem eighteen or twenty feet high. This plant requires 
maijy years growth previous to its bloffoming. 

Sweet myrtle. (Myrtus Communis.) 

Cape jafmine or fragrant Gardenia. (Gardenia Flori- 
da.) 

Weeping willow. (Salix Babylonica.) 



Among the ANIMALS a which may be natural to 



South-Cai 


roliria, are 


The Mammoth. 


Red fquirrel. 


BufFaloe. 


Grey fquirrel. 


Bear. 


Flying fquirreJ. 


*Panther. 


Ground fquirrel. 


Cat-a-mount. 


Rabbit. 


Wil'd cat. 


Pole cat. 


Wolf. 


Mole. 


Beaver. 


Mink. 


Red fox. 


OpofTum. 


Red deer. 


Racoon. 


Otter. 


Lizard. 


Wild rat. 


Toad. 


Moufe. 


Frog. 


Black fquirrel. 





Of 

* One of thefe panthers, (commonly called tygers, in this ftate) killed ata 
plantation on Wambaw Swamp, in 1796, meafured as follows : 
From the nofc to the tail 8 feet 6 inches. 

Length of tail u 8 

Height a o 



A VIEW OF 



Of thefe, the bones of the mammoth only remain* 
The buffaloe and cat-a-mount are entirely exterminated 
on the eaftern fide of our mountains ; and the beaver 
is but rarely to be met with. 



The BIRDS are more 
Bald eagle. 
Fifhing hawk. 
Pigeon hawk. 
Grey hawk. 
Swallow tailed hawk. 
Turkey buzzard. 
Carrion crow. 
Large owl. 
Carolina Cuckoo. 
Perroquet. 
Blue jay. 
Purple jack daw. 
Red winged ftarling, or 
Black bird. 
Rice bird. 

Large white bellied wood- 
pecker. 
Gold winged woodpecker. 
Red bellied woodpecker. 
Hairy woodpecker. 
Yellow bellied woodpecker, 
Small fpotted woodpecker. 
Nuthatch, great and fmall. 
Wild pigeon. 
Turtle dove. 
May bird. 
Robin. 
Thrulh. 
Carolina Bullfinch, 



■■} 



} 



numerous: confiding of 
Large fwamp fparrow. 
Little fparrow. 
Snow bird. 
Mocking bird. 
Blue groibeak. 
Purple finch. 
Painted Finch, or" 
Non pareil. 
Blue linnet. 
Chatterer, 
Blue bird. 
Crefted fly catcher. 
Black cap fly catcher. 
Summer red bird. 
Crefted tit moufe. 
Yellow tit moufe. 
Pine creeper. 
Yellow throated creeper. 
Humming bird. 
King fifher. 
Chattering plover, or 
Killdeer. 

Whiffling Plover. 
Llooping crane. 
Blue heron. 
Little white heron. 
Crefted bittern. 
Cormorant. 
White curlew. 

Brown 



} 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 



89 



Brown curlew. 
Oyfter catcher. 
Canada goofe. 
Small white brant goofe. 
Great grey brant goofe. 
Duck and mallard. 
Large black duck. 
Bull neck duck. 
Round crefted duck. 
Summer duck. 
Little brown duck. 
Blue winged teal. 
Green winged teal. 
White faced teal. 



Water pelican. 

Wild iui key. 

Pheafant, or \ 

Mountain partridge. J 

Small partridge, or" 

Quail. 

Wren. 

Swallow. 

Martin. 

Whip-poor-will, or 

Goat fucker. 

Snipe. 

Woodcock. 

Marfh hen. 



Black cormorant. 

Of thefe, the geefe, many fpecies of ducks, the 
wild pigeon, the fnow bird, and fome others, are birds 
of paffage ; fome of them coming from northern, and 
others from fouthern latitudes. 



Many fpecies of SERPENTS, fome of which are of 
deadly nature, are natural to this Hate ; among 
which are 



The Rattle fnake. 
Small rattle fnake. 
Water viper. 
Black viper. 
Copper belly fnake. 
Bluifh green fnake. 
Hog nofe fnake. 
Wampum fnake. 
Horn fnake. 



Black fnake. 

Little brown bead fnake. 

Ribbon fnake. 

Chain fnake. 

Coach whip fnake. 

Corn fnake. 

Green fnake. 

Glafs fnake. 



Among our INSECTS arc 
The Earth worm. Snail. 

Grub worm. 



M 



Houfe bug. 



Houfe 



9a A VIEW OE 

Flea. Ant. 

Woodworm. Fig eater. 

Forty legs. Humble Bee. 

"Wood loufe. Ground Bee, or\ 

*Cicada. Yellow jacket. J 
Mantis, or camel cricket, Wafp. 

Cockroach. Hornet. 

Cricket. Fly. 

Beetle. Mufqueto. 

Fire fly. Sandfly. 

Glow worm. Spider. 

Butterfly. Tick. 

Moth. Potatoe loufe. 

Alligators are in abundance in our brackifh and 
frefh tide waters • and from thence many miles up the 
jrivers ; but they are fcarcely ever feen as high up as the 
falls. They are the tyrants of our ftreams ; growing 
to the length of ten or fourteen feet ; and are extreme- 
ly deftru&ive to fiih, and animals ; fometimes, when old, 
even attacking a man. Of this, however, there are but 
few inftances; and in general they are confidered 
more fluggifh and cunning, than active and courageous. 



Our frefh water FISH, are 
Sturgeon. Bream. 

Pike. Mud fifh. 

Trout. Pearch. 

Bream. 

* TJbi quarta fitim Cadi collcgerit hora, 

Et cantu querulae rumpent arbufta cicadae. Vi r c . 

This is a particular kind of infeft, which fits on trees; and makes a continual 
and loud finging, throughout the heats of the day. They are numerous in 
hot countries ; but are not found in colder latitudes. See Martyns translation 
$n& notes on Virgil's Georgicks. Page 348, notes 327 and 328. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 



Sucking fifh. 


•Soft (helled turtle. 


Catfifh. 


Terrebin. 


Gar fifh. 


Cray fifh. 


Rock fifh. 






— — 


The fait 


water FISH confifls of 


3hark* 


Sheep head. 


Porpus. 


Whiting. 


Drum. 


Porgy. 


Bafs. 


Black fifh. 


Cavalli. 


" Mullet. 


Snapper. 


Herring. 


Shad. 


Skipjack. 



} 



91 

Shell 
fifh. 



And the fhell fifh, are fome kinds of large and fmall 
fea turtle, oyfters, crabs, fhrimps, and fidlers. 

* Tcftudo nafo cylindraceo, elongato, truncato. Bar tram. 

The whole back fhell, except the vertebra, or ridge, and ribs of each fide, is 
foft or cartilaginous, and eafily reduced to a jelly, when boiled. They arc 
nearly equal to Weft India turtle : and are not found to the northward of the 
waters of Savannah and Keowee rivers. 



'M 2 



CHAP. 



£& A VIEW OF 



CHAP. II. 



Political dnd Rural Economy. As respecls Population : Military Force S 
Tenures, Value of Estates and Buildings : Agriculture : Manufac 
tures : Inland Navigation, Roads, and Commerce. 

Population. 

VV HEN Carolina was firfl difcovered, it was pea- 
pled by numerous tribes of Indians; extending from 
the ocean to the mountains. What were their numbers, 
at that time, cannot now be afcertained. But hazarding 
an opinion from thofe nations, which remained in this 
ftate to modern times; their population muft have been 
originally very considerable ; perhaps not lefs than thir- 
ty or forty thoufand fouls. The Strength of thefe abo- 
rigines, became foon reduced by the pride and avarice 
of the white Settlers and planters. At one time they 
were encouraged to war againft each other; and their 
prifoners were purchafed from them as (laves ; at ano- 
ther time they were Stolen and kidnapped. And from 
thefe exportations were occasionally made to the Weft 
Indies ; belides many who were retained by the planters 
in flavery. The ufe of fpirituous liquors alfo, which 
they learnt from the whites; and the {mall pox and other 
fatal diforders, which their connections with them alfo, 
induced; had powerful tendencies in reducing their 
numbers; and at length in obliterating their names. 
Three potent nations, the Catawba or Katahba, the Che- 
rokee or Cherakee, and the Yamaffee, furvived this ge- 
neral ruin ; and remained in the poffeffion of their lands, 
long after the (mailer tribes had either been obliged to 
affociate with them, or to retire beyond the mountains. 
Some of them, are mentioned in different histories and 

State 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 93 

ftate papers ; or are recollefted from the names of our 
rivers, which are often called after thofe Indians, who 
refided near them. But the others have long fince 
been forgotten, and are now no more known in the 
hiftory of nations. 

The Yamaffee refided in that part of Beaufort diftricl, 
which is ftill known by the name of Indian land. Af- 
ter their power had been much reduced, they continued 
to make aggreffions on the white fettlers in their neigh- 
bourhood ; and even made war upon them ; in confe- 
quence of which they were fubverted, and were driven 
without the limits of this ftate.* 

The Cherokee inhabited that fertile portion of the 
upper country, which now conftitutcs Greenville and 
Pendleton diftri&s ; and many were the lengthened 
vales, enamelled with ftrawberries and flowers; and 
many the towns, which belonged to this potent nation. 
But like the Yamaftee, their behaviour drew upon them 
the wrath of government. They were beaten by the 
troops of this ftate in feveral engagements jf and were 
ultimately obliged by treaty, executed at Dewitt's cor- 
ner, on the 20th May, 1777, to ce( ^ e ^ or ever to South- 
Carolina, as incidental to conqueft, all their lands eaft- 
ward of the Unacaye Mountain.^ PoiTeiiing, therefore, 
no territory eaftward of the mountains, they retired be- 
yond them ; and aiTociated themfelves with the middle 
and upper Cherokee. 

The Catawba, alone, have continued themfelves in 
this ftate to the pre fen t times. Occupying a tra£t of 
country, of 144,000 acres, fituated on each fide of the 
Catawba River, within a few miles of the North-Caro- 
lina boundary. When South-Carolina was firft fet- 
tled 

* See a particular account of this event, in the anonymous liiftory of South- 
Carolina, by Mr. Hewitt, vol. I. page 212 et fcq. 

t See the particulars of this expedition in note II. in the appendix : alfo ia 
Ramsay's History of South-Carolina, Vol. I. page 156. 

i See this treaty, in the Secretary of Stale's office, at Columbia, 



94 



A VIEW OF 



tied by white inhabitants, this nation muttered fifteen 
hundred fighting men. About the year 1743, it could 
only bring four hundred warriors into the field * com- 
pofed partly of their own men, and partly of refugees 
from various fmaller tribes; who, about this time, were 
obliged by the ftate of affairs to affociate with them, on 
account of their reduced numbers. Among thefe 
were the Watteree, Chowan, Congaree, Nachee, Yam- 
affee, and Coofah.* At prefent, fixty men can fcarce- 
ly be numbered in the lift of their warriors ; or two 
hundred perfons in the whole of their nation. And 
thefe are fcattered about in fmall villages; and are en- 
tirely furrounded by white inhabitants. Hence, com- 
municating with them, their manners are foftened - 
their wants eafily fupplied ; and the hardy and adven- 
turous Indian, forgetting his former paths of honor, is 
caught by the allurements of ardent fpirits ; and dwin- 
dles into a ftate of infignificance and drunkennefs. How 
different from their anceftors/of former times, who war- 
red with unceafing enmity, and traced the blue ridge 
of mountains, in all its difficulties, to wreak their ven- 
geance up'on the fix nations, in the northern parts of 
America. t In war they were fearlefs of enemies; in 
addrefs furpaffed by none. And an inftance of this 
may be adduced from their hiftory, replete with inci- 
dent and heroifrn. 

* A party of the Senekah Indians, came to war a- 

gainft 

* Adair's Hist, of American Indians. Page 224. 

+ In the year 1751, the Governor of New York, (George Clinton) had a 
meeting of the fix nations at Albany ; together with commiffioners fpecially de- 
puted thereto, from the Governors of South-Carolina, MafTachufetts, and Con- 
necticut. The fame was alfo attended by the King of the Catawba, with fome 
of his chiefs and head men; who went thereby water with the commiffioner 
from South Carolina. At this treaty, a peace was agreed to and confirmed be- 
tween the fix nations, and the Catawba; belts, and prefents among them, were 
mutually exchanged ; and prifoners on either fide, were agreed to be delivered 
up within a year, which having been all carried into execution; the bitter war, 
fo long continued between them, has thenceforth ceafed. Refpefting the par- 
ticulars which teok place at this treaty, fee note III. in the appendix, 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 9S 

e gainft the Catawba ; bitter enemies to each other. In 

4 the woods the former difcovered a fprightly warrior, 
fi belonging to the latter, hunting in their ufual light 

5 drefs. On his perceiving them, he fprung off for a 

6 hollow rock, four or five miles diftant, as they inter- 
6 cepted him from running homewards. He was fo 
6 extremely fwift, and fkilful with the gun, as to kill 
' feven of them in the running fight, before they were 
6 able to furround and take him. They carried him to 
6 their country in fad triumph ; but though he had fil- 
' led them with uncommon grief and fhame, for the 
6 lofs of fo many of their kindred, yet the love of mar- 
c tial virtue induced them to treat him, during their 
' long journey, with a great deal more civility, than if 
6 he had acted the part of a coward. The women and 
' children, when they met him, at their feyeral towns, 
e beat and whipped him in as fevere a manner as the 
c occafion required, according to their law of juftice : 
6 and at lad, he was formally condemned to die by the 
6 fiery tortures. It might reafonably be imagined, 
6 that what he had for fome time gone through, by be- 
6 ing fed with a fcanty hand, a tedious march, lying at 
' nights on the bare ground, expofed to the changes of 
' the weather, with his arms and legs extended in a pair 
e of rough flocks, and fu fie ring fuch punifhments on 
'his entering into their hoftile towns, as a prelude to 
6 thofe fharp torment?, for which he was deftined, 
6 would have fo impairied his health, and effected his 
6 imagination, as to have fent him to his long fleep, 
' out of any more fufferings. Probably this would 
6 have been the cafe with the major part of the white 
6 people, under fimilar circumftances ; but I never knew 

* this with any of the Indians. And this cool headed, 
6 brave warrior, did not deviate from their rough lef- 
c fons of martial virtue; but afted his part ib well, as 
' to furprize and forely vex his numerous enemies. 

* For when they were taking him, unpinioned, in their 

4 wild 



g6 A VIEW OF 

* wild parade, to the place of torture, which lay near 
4 to a river, he fuddenly dafhed down thofe who flood 
4 in his way, fprung off, and plunged into the water, 
4 fwimming underneath like an otter, only rifing to take 
4 breath, till he made the oppofite more. He now 
4 afcended the fteep bank; but though he had good rea- 
' fon to be in a hurry, as many of the enemy were in 
e the water, and others running every way, like blood 
4 hounds, in purfuit of him 3 and the bullets flying 
4 around him, from the time he took to the river, yet his 
4 heart did not allow him to leave them abruptly, with- 
c out taking leave of them in a formal manner, in re- 
4 turn for the extraordinary favors they had done, and 

* intended to do him. He firft - 

6 ; then moving round, he 

4 put up the fhrill war whoo whoop, ------ 

«---------, and darted off, in the 

4 manner of a beaft broke loofe from its torturing ene- 
4 mies. He continued his fpeed fo, as to run, by about 
4 midnight, of the fame day, as far as his eager purfu- 
4 ers were two days in reaching. There he refted, till 

* he happily difcovered five of thofe Indians who had 
4 purfued him — he lay hid a little way off their camp, 
4 till they were found afleep. Every circumftance of 
4 his fituation occurred to him, and infpired him with 
4 heroiim. He was naked, torn, and hungry, and his 
4 enraged enemies were come up with him. But there 
4 was now every thing to relieve his Wants, and a fair 
4 opportunity to fave his life and get great honor, and 
4 fweet revenge, by cutting them off. Refolution, a 
4 convenient fpot, and fudden furprife, would effect the 
4 main objeci of all his withes and hopes. He accord- 

* ingly creeped towards them, took one of their toma* 

* hawks, and killed them all on the fpot. He then chop- 
4 ped them to pieces, in as horrid a manner as favage 
4 fury could excite, both through national and perfonal 
4 refentment. He flripped off their fcalps, clothed him- 

'felf, 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 97 

5 felf, took a choice gun, and as much ammunition and 

6 provifions, as he could well carry in a running march. 

5 He fet offafrefh, with a light heart, and did not deep 

6 for feveral fucceffive nights, only when he reclined, as 
c ufual, a little before day, with his back to a tree. As 
' it were by inftindl, when he found he was free from 
' the purfuing enemy, he made directly to the very 
6 place where he had killed feven of his enemies, and 
' was taken by them for the fiery torture. He digged 
6 them up, fcalped them, burned their bodies to afhes ; 
' and went home in fafety with fingular triumph. Other 
4 purfuing enemies came, on the evening of the fecond 
6 day, to the camp of their dead people ; where the fight 
1 gave them a greater fhock than they had ever known 
' before. In their chilled war council they concluded, 
c that as he had done fuch furprifing things in his de- 
** fence, before he was captivated ; and fince that, in his 
' naked condition ; and was now well armed ; if they 
' continued the purfuit he would fpoil them all, for 
' he furely was an enemy wizard. And therefore they 
6 returned home.'* 

The laft warlike act of the Catawba nation, which 
perhaps hiflory will have occafion to record ; or the 
laft attacks which have been made upon them by hoftile 
Indians, were about the years 1762 and 1764. In the 
year 1762^ feven Shawnefe Indians penetrated thus 
far, and way laid the road from the Waxaws towards the 
Old Town, on Twelve Mile Creek. King Haiglar 
was then returning home from the Waxaws, attended 
by a fervant, and was there mot and fcalped by them ; 
fix balls penetrating his body. His fervant efcaped, 
and gave notice ; but they were purfued without fuccefs. 

Two years afterwards, an equal number of Shawnefe 
came to make war on the Catawba. By fome accident 
it was found out that they were hovering round the 
nation ; and twenty two Catawba warriors immediate- 

N ly 

* Ada ir'i Hist, of American Indians, Page 30 j. 



S 8 A VIEW OF 

ly went in purfuit of them. About two hours before day 
they difcovered them, encamped under a large fpreading 
tree, on the north fide' of the Catawba river, about two 
miles below the nation, lying afleep, around their fire. 
The Catawba waited patiently until day light ; at 
which time, when the Shawnefe awoke, and began to 
ftir up their fire, they poured in a volley of bullets on 
them. Two were killed on the fpot ; four were taken 
prifoners ; and the feventh efcaped ; not, however, 
without being wounded. From thence the prifoners 
were carried to the nation ; except one, who had been 
among ihofe, who two years before had killed King 
Haiglar. Fearing to he particularly tortured on this 
account, he would not march; and was otherwife fo 
bbftinate, that they tomahawked him on the way. The 
others were carried prifoners to the nation; where, on a 
certain day, they were whipped with hickory fwitches, 
until they were overcome and fainty : they were then 
warned with cold water, and were made to drinJs. the 
fame, until they were revived. And thus tormented 
and waflvid, their tortures were prolonged, until revenge 
was iated ; and favage fury loft its force. They 
were then delivered over to the buys; who, for their 
ai mfement, fhot them to death with their arrows. 

In the year 17655 king Prow, (or Frow) was elected 
by them as their king;* and the head of that nation now 
is general Scot, the grandfon of king Haiglar, who 
had been (lain. When the Britilh troops overran this 
ilate in 1780, thefe Indians who had always been true 
to her interefts, retreated before lord Cornwallis to Vir- 
ginia; and fome of them attached themfelves to colonel 
Lee's legion, during their abfence ; and took the field 
with him. After the battle of Guilford, in North-Caro- 
lina, they returned; but not to their old town. This 
they deferted ; eftabliftiing in its room other towns or* 

each. 

* See Council Journal for 1765. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. $ 9 

each fide of the river; and a few miles higher up its 
ft ream. 

The books on Indian affairs, in the Secretary of 
State's office, at Columbia, are replete with accounts of 
afiaf'finations, and barbarities, exercifed by the Indians 
on the fettlers of this (late, from their firit colonization 
to modern times. And fometimes retaliations were 
made, which were by no means honorable to civilized 
troops.* In latter times.., parties of northern inimical 
Indians often penetrated into this ftate, with milchiev- 
ous intentions. In 1751* flying parties of them hover- 
ed about Monk's corner and St. James's, Santee. At 
this latter place, they broke open Mr. Theodore Gail- 
lard's pounding rice mill; and burned a tar kiln of Dr. 
Caw's, t They alfo, in the fame year, were met with 
in Chrift Church Paiiih, near the fea fide, about two 
miles from the parim church ; and were there difperfed^ 
with the lofs of fome of their men, by captain JBond.£ 
About the fame time alfo, fome Cherokee landed on 
Lady's Ii'land, from the main land in Beaufort diitricr, 
where they killed two friendly Indians ; and from 
whence they made their retreat good, carrying with 
them fome women and children. § As late as the year 
1753, the northern Indians were fo troublefome, even in 
the lower parts of this ftate; as to murder a man at the 
Four-Hole Bridge, forty-one miles from Charleilon ; 
committing fuch other enormities there, as to induce 
Governor Glen, to iftue a proclamation refpeciing the 
fame. || Thefe atrocities, however, controuled by the 
incalculable increafe of population, with which this 
ftate has been bleffed, have now ceafed ; and the 
Indians have retreated to diftant wilds and mountains. 

N 2 A 

* See Note IV. in the Appendix. 
+ See book for Indian affairs for 1751, pages 7 and 141. 
% See his report of the fame, to Governor Glen, in the Indian book for 
1751, page 151. 
^ See Indian book for 1751, page 88. 
(J See Indian book for 1753, pages. 181 and 1.84,.. 



100 



A VIEW OB 



A Table shewing some of the Indian Nations, residing in South-Carolina? 
about the year 1700. 



TRIBES. 


NUMBERS. 


RESIDENCE. 


Stonoe 




To the fouthward of Charles- 
ton. 


Weftoe 




Between Charlefton and Edif- 
to River 


Sewee 

Santee, or Sere tee 


Populous. 


In the vicinity of Sewee Bay. 
Near Santee River. 


Hook & Back hook 




Near Winyaw River. 


Congaree 

Wattaree 




Near Congaree River. 
Near Wattaree River. 


Chickanee 


■ 


Near Wattaree River. 


Waxfaw 




At the Waxaws, above Cam- 
den. 


Efaw 
Wifack 


Populous. 


North well: parts of the ftate. 
Ditto. 


Savanna 




Near Savannah River. 


Sugeree 
Kadapau 
Keyauwec 
Sapona 


Populous. 


Upper parts of the flatc. 

Ditto. 

Near Keowee River. 

North well parts of the ftate. 


Totero 




In the mountains. 


Enoe 
Yamaflee 


Powerful nation. 


Upper parts of the ftate. 
Lower part of Beaufort dif- 
tricl. 


Cherokee 


Do. 


Adjacent to the rivers Tugo- 
loo and Keowee. 


Catawba 


Do. 


On each fide of Catawba Ri- 
ver. 



Coofah 
Seranna 

Winyau 

Saraw 
Cufaboe 

Saluda 

Euchee 



In Beaufort diftricT:. 

In the fouthern parts of the 

ftate. 
In Georgetown diftrift, near 

Pedee River. 
Upper parts of Pedee. 
Towards Savannah River. 
Near Saluda River, probably 

at Saluda Old Town. 
Near or towards Silver Bluff. 



From 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. lot 

From accidents, incidental to war, and lofs of 
records, which took place during the American re- 
volution, an enquiry into the white population of the 
(late will prove far lefs fatisfaclory than otherwife might 
have been obtained. In the firft commencement of 
colonization, affairs were dire6ted, and controuled by 
fuch a number of chances, that confufion and omiffion 
naturally refulted therefrom ; tending to throw a veil 
over this early part of her hiftory. Hence, although 
mention may be made of particular times, refpe&ing 
the population of the ftate ; yet the intermediate fpaces 
are wrapt up in obfcurity. 

The firft effe&ual embarkation, which took place 
for fettling South-Carolina, was about the year 1670;* 
after the fecond grant of King Charles, to the Lord's 
Proprietors. The expence of this equipment, was twelve 
thoufand pounds fterling;t but it does not appear what 
numbers were then introduced into the country. A 
colony was then fent, under the direction of Governor 
Sayle,J for the purpofe of forming an eflablifhment at 
Port Royal ; and he actually arrived there,§ and began 
to carry his inftructions into execution, [j But foon 
dying, the fettlement was removed to the fouthern bank 
of Afhley River; and from that time the government 
began to progrefs, and ftrengthen itfelf by population 
and agriculture. Novelty, at firft, drew many perfons 
to this place ; but after it had in fome meafure worn off, 
a difcontent arofe, which induced many families to de- 
part for North-Carolina. This, together with difeafes, 

Indian 

* Chalmers Political Annals, 529. 

+ Anderfon on Commerce, Vol 2. Page 485- 

^ Governor Sayle's commiifion, bears date 26th July, l66g--See Introduction 
to Trott's laws of South-Carolina, pagexi. 

§ Chalmer's Political Annals, 529. 

|| He here ifTued writs for the purpofe of filling up vacancies in the council ; 
and for choofing twenty delegates, of which two bodies the parliament was to be 
^©ompofed, for exerciiing legiflative power. Chalmtfs Political Annals, 529. 



102 A VIEW OF 

Indian wars, and religious difputes amongft themfelves, 
much retarded the population of South-Carolina; in- 
fomuch, that in 1721, the number of white inhabitants, 
including men, women and children, were only com- 
puted at fourteen thoufand perfons. 

In 1732, Georgia was made a ieparate province; and 
in 1733 commenced colonization. This province on 
one fide, like North-Carolina on the other, offered 
much allurement to emigration; and confequently with- 
drew many inhabitants from South-Carolina. As in 
1734, a memorial figned by the Governor, the Prefi- 
dent of the Council, and the Speaker of the Commons 
houfe of Affembly, was tranfmitted to his Britannic 
Majefty ; ftating, that the inhabitants of both Georgia 
and South-Carolina, compofed a militia of only three 
thoufand five hundred men; confiding of planters, tradef- 
men, and other men of bufinefs. And that the amount of 
negroes were, at leaft, twenty two thoufand perfons ; in 
a proportion of three to one for all white inhabitants in 
South-Carolina.* 

Such was the Irate of population at that time; and 
fo had it retrogaded. For fome years afterwards it en- 
creafed; but by flow degrees: but when the peace of 
1763, gave fettled boundaries to North America; and 
by its influences reconciled thofe differences, which had 
long fruflrated the good of nations ; thefe United States 
in general, and South-Carolina in particular, rofe, with a 
progrefs, far outfhripping the efforts of former times. 
And from this period, the middle and upper country 
received encouragement and protection, which led to 
their prefent population. To encourage emigration, 
large funds were now appropriated by legiflative 
fandlion ; and lands of fertile nature, before that time on- 
ly poiTeffed by favages and wild beafts, were now tenant- 
ed by white inhabitants. That fpirit of emigration, 

which 

* See this memorial at length, in Hewit's anonymous Hiftory of South- 
Carolina, Vol, 2d. Page 31. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 



103 



which had formely led many inhabitants from this ftate ; 
now re-a£ted with tenfold vigour ; and in the courfe of a 
ftiort time, added thoufands to her domeftic ftrength. 
Such were the happy effects of a peace, which gave a 
breathing time to this State; and allowed her an op- 
portunity of coliecling and preparing againft a revolu- 
tion, which, was to fever her from the mother coun- 
try; and to admit her a part of an independent empire, 
refpected amongft the nations of the earth. 

During the American war, emigration was retarded. 
Hence, while this arduous ftruggle amongft nations 
continued ; we cannot expect a progrefs in numbers, 
arts, or fciences, equal to that which had taken place 
juft before this eventful period. But fa foon as the 
peace of 1783, gave quiet and fafety to the exertions 
of mankind, multitudes from Europe, and the middle 
and eaftern ftates of America, poured into South-Ca- 
rolina ; and with their flocks, and their herds, greatly 
encreafed her riches. The forefts rang with the ftroke 
of the axe ; and countries, before that time fcarcely 
tenanted by fifty families, in a fhort period were fettled 
by thoufands. Now the upper country became the 
moft numerous in white population; while, from local 
caufes, the middle and lower country, could not keep 
pace with fuch aftonifhing encreafe. But ftill ihe col- 
lected ftrength of the ftate was enlarging ; as may be 
feen, from the following Statements. 



YEARS. 


WHITE 


BLACKS 
AND PERSONS OF COLOUR. 


TOTAL. 


1670 


A Colony fent over, 
under Gov. Sayle. 






I7OO 


5,500 






I72I 


14,000 






I723 


14,000 


iSjOOO 


32,000 


1734 


7,333 


22,000 


27»333 


1765 


40,000 


90,000 


130,000* 


I792 
l8oO 


140,178 
196,255 


108,8^5 

*49'33 6 


249,073, 

345>59i 



Parishes, 



io4 



A VIEW OF 






Parishes, Counties. Distritls 



^ 



All Saint's 
Prince George's 
Prince Frederick 



Fairfield 

Chefter 

York 

Richland 

Clarendon 

Claremont 

Lancafter 



Georgetown 

do. 

do. 
Cheraws 
Camden. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 



Edgefield Ninety-Six 

Pendleton do. 

Spartanburgh do. 

Abbeville do. 

Laurens do. 

Grenville do. 

Union do. 

Newberry do. 
Beaufort 
North part Orangeburg! 
South do. do. 

f 1 * IW?% \ CharleRon 

St. Michael's J 

St. Bartholomew's do. 

St. John's, Berkley do. 

St. George's, Dorchefter do. 

St. Stephen's do. 

St. James', Santee do. 

St. Thomas' do. 

Chrift Church do. 

St. James' Goofe Creek do. 

St. John's, Colleton do. 

St. Andrew's do. 

St. Paul's do. 



to 



s 



S 



I04 
*345 

9°7 
1779 
*335 
1446 

1 35° 

596 

444 

517 

l2 53 

2333 

2007 

ir 

1904 
1969 
1400 
1500 
1992 
1266 
1780 
1421 

281c 

625 
209 
337 

8 
140 

345 
1,56 
158 
209 
125 
65 






41 ~«s 
3 go 



Si 

S 



3557 6 



102 

1450 

915 

*993 

1874 

1604 

1612 

710 

516 

841 

1537 
2571 
2535 
2173 
1948 
2170 
1627 
1809 
2232 

io 55 
1693 

1478 

1561 

491 

3ii 

45 

110 

67 
138 

79 

104 

7 1 
48 



^ 



223 
2236 
1596 
3646 
2929 
2831 
2690 

"73 

830 
1080 
2074 
4701 
4189 
3866 
3653 
397 1 
2861 
3121 
3962 
2043 

325 8 
2782 

37i8 

1017 

331 
604 
100 
187 
105 
272 

202 
172 

174 
103 



37722 



6688c 



68 

65 

3 

27 

27 

7 

9 

48 

12 

153 

21 

*49 



135 
60 

25 
1 

*5 
34 
11 

15 
22 

3i 

15 



x 795 

6651 

4685 

3229 

1485 

938 

9 2 3 

M-37 

602 

2110 

1370 

3619 

834 

866 

1665" 

1120 

606 

1215 

1144 

1423b 

4529 
1402 

7684 

10338 

517? 

3022 

2506 
3345 
34°5 
2377 
2333 
4705 
2546 
3202 



2225 
11762 

8i35 
10706 
7623 
6866 
6604 
393° 
239 2 
4548 
6302 
13289 
9568 
88co 

9*97 
9337 
65 3 

7692 

9 "42 

18753 

11281 

7232 

16359 
12606 
5922 
4299 
2733 
3797 
3836 
2954 
2787 
5312 
2947 
3433 



107094 '249073 



I do hereby certify the above to be a juft return of the Cenfus of the State ^of 
South-Carolina, as taken by my aififlants. Given under my hand, the fifth' 

day of February, 1792- 
' ' Is. HUGER, Fed. Marshal. 

DISTRICT 



11 Tt 
Cxi 



of 



ft( 



DISTRICT OF $0UTH-CJR0L1NJ. 



(L. S.) 



J, Charles B. Cochran, Marffcal for the Diflrift aforef.iid, do hereby certify, that the annexed 
Schedule of the enumeration of the Inhabitants of tne laid Diftricr., is a true copy or' the Returns made DM | 
and that the Aggregate taken therefrom, is, to the belt of my belief, jult and accurate. 

CHARLES B. COCHRAN, Marshal D ist. S. C 





Schedule of the 


whole 


number of P 


ersons 


in wbe Distritl of South Carolina. 




* 










Free 


White . 


Males. 






Free White Fr 












i — 




>- 


- 


, 




. 


_>V , 












5» 


vd 


-■ -; 




T — 

•C: 1 -> 
111 

















>y s5 ,^ 














^1 


^ 
V 




N ft 


^'5 


-51 

1^ 


J" "*< 
ft J< 








Names of DistriJls 


Names of Cities, Towns, Pa- 
rishes, and Counties. 


5 
o 







1* 

ft 'J 
<5 -3 


v. 




ft 
<3 


■Si 


|V 


|V 

■si 

ft "-0 


1 5 


<0 


ft -.' 

< S 1. ^ 








"1 




VO 1° 




J ho 




O 


O ,5" 


VO ft° 


















^ 


"" >5 


N ~~ 


^3 


V 


*" -5 


N^ 


-*- 3 


« ^" 




a .So 8 








o 


O 




V"9 


siL 


iS 


O* 


O " 


to 4q 


> * 


3 

^ 




■■s* >* «s, •* 

g-5 fe-« 








If) IO 


to 10 


LO 2U 


to 45 


t^.j&C 


to 10 


to 16 


tO Zb 


4;. &c.ll 




Total. 




' 


St. Michael's, 


39° 


20b 


270 


477 


I bo 


449 


240 


3°7 3*8 


84 






6642 






St. Philip's, in Charlefton, 


799 


408 


535 


1110 


|3°3 
1 Si 


76. 


353 


510 


^53 


3 15 


652 


5549 


I 2 \ b .: 






St. Philip's Charlefton neck, 


»34 


03 


71 


120 


107 


7' 


57 


99 


35 


73 


; 60 


,;., , 






St. Stephen's, 


5 2 


2 9 


20 


42 


' 10 


38 


3' 


21 


4-3 


10 


zo 


2156 


2486 




Charlefton 


St. James', Samee, 


62 


3o 


24 


70 
* 


' 3 C 


4 l 


22 


48 


39 


2 9 


2 


3843 


4240 




dijlricl. 


it. John's, Berkley, 


IOl 


47 


56 


108 


| 33 


103 


47 


47 


bi 


33 53 


6479 


y»93 






it. i nomas'. 


42 


1C 


16 


4' 


! 10 


22 


12 


J 5 


»9 


20 


19 


232b 


2 554 






Chrill Church, 


59 


33 


44 


6a 


i 3' 


54 


3° 


3 2 


53 


30 


l 7 


3585 


4034 






It. James', Goofe creek, 


231 


*3 2 


1 1 1 


146 


>57 


2 H 


136 


9- 


1 10 


164 


9 


3161 


4689 






■>t. Andrew's, 


92 


21 


42 


59 


1 73 


90 


5° 


50 42 


63 


3 


4543 


5128 




e 


it. John's, Colleton, 


102 


40 


4«> 


9- 




9' 


47 


6i| 


39 


8 


6031 


6689 




Colleton J 


St. Bartholomew's, 


4°7 


264 


241 


272 


: 2 55 


267 


252 


2 4> 


2 43 


2b^ 


20 


91 lu 


U798 




liillntl, 


St. Paul's, 


'15 


3 3 


46 


88 


95 


80 


49 


55 


7 2 


82 


1 2 


6383 


7*44 






it. ( reorge's, Dorchefter, 


176 


7* 


54 


83 


III 2 


125 


59 


4- 


IOl 


93 





4978 


5901 




Beaufort J 


St. Helena, 


47 


27 


3 J 


5 2 


.... 


5* 


12 


2 b 


35 


10 


1 


20 57 


2990 




Beaufort, part of St. Helena, 


47 


27 


28 


33 


7 


2 7 


2 5 


21 


20 


1 1 


ii 


421 


684 




diilnct, 1 


St. Luke's, 


106 


57 


67 


»4S 


38 


95 


41 


So 


60 


31 


1 


5887 


661 1 






St. Peter's, 


28S 


"5 


15' 


«55 


bo 


302 


127 


150 


l l7 


»5 


'34 


2669 


4393 




. 1 


Prince William's, 


261 


S8 


86 


1S4 


55 


250 


8c 


102 


149 


h 


5i 


4397 


577° 




Georgetown \ 
diftrid, l 

Marion, 
Barnwell, 


\Yin\uw, 


2 39 


132 


158 


217 


89 


194 


125 


'5' 


'74 


82 


63 


901a 


10641 




Waccamawj 


102 


• 55 


55 


6y 




86 


5o 


57 


61 


28 


2o 


3394 


4 OI 3 




[vinjviton, 


34: 


176 


149 


18, 


.12 


3 2 4 


I7i 


Mr 


»79 


105 


3 


708 


2606 




Williamfburgh, 


4° 3 


»55 


282 


199 


38 


3 59 


230 


*15 


196 


43 


4 


3454 


5678 






S12 


45 6 


43> 


455 


251 


7 2 5 


410 


382 


43 5 


2 57 


»3» 


2155 


6914 






1 164 


549 


583 


39° 


149 


1078 


5 57 


508 


35 2 


no 


Hi 


1690 

2409 


737^> 




Orangebureh f 


Orange, 


899 


3*3 


494 


38$ 


231 


835 


434 


463 


22; 


9 


7120 




lew uburgh, 


3»7 


125 


153 


•93 


ICC 


206 


129 


166 


135 93 


79 


1701 


3455 




Chefter, 
Airfield, 


Lexington, 


710 


349 


305 


393 


... 


668 


616 


2 5 5 


340 iv 


7 


1246 


5191 






1520 


685 


807 


805 


484 


i486 


6 3 5 






436 


2 7 


1804 


10250 






1*58 




6S5 


Oct 




1248 




668 


558 


426 


2 


116+ 


8185 






1537 


701 


74- 


706 




1489 


635 


77* 




393 


2 3 


106S 


19187 




Wurens, 

'Vnd! C(on 

te 




21 29 


843 


999 


. 


54« 






1058 






20 


1919 










1412 



1 5 - 5 


934 


: 


1431 


16; 


; 


. t 22 < 


20052 


































k 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 



105 



Aggregate of the number of Inhabitants in the DistriJI of South-Caro- 
lina, according to the second Census, taken in I 800. 



White Males. 


( 

< 


Under 10 years of age 
To 1 6 do. 
To 26 do. 


374" 
16156 

17761 


t 




I 


To 45 do. 

45 and upwards 


19344 

10*44 


I 009 1 6 


White Females. 


S 


Under 10 years 
To 16 do. 
To 26 do. 


34664 

15857 
18145 






I 


To 45 do. 
45 and upwards 


17236 
9437 


95339 


All other free per sons , ex- 
cept Indians not taxed. 






3185 


Slaves. 






otal 


146151 




T 


34559 1 



CHARLES B. COCHRAN, 

Marshal Dist. S. Carolina. 



Military Force. 

A military force, neceffarily fprings from the popu- 
lation of a country ; and requires organization for the 
protection of its government. Before the American re- 
volution, the militia of this ftate was divided into regi- 
ments, commanded by colonels ; who were under the 
direction of the governor ; and fometimes a part of 
them were placed under the command of a general of- 
ficer, at particular emergencies. The regimental dif- 
tri&s were very large; too much fo, for either difpatch* 
or due military fubordination. And no plan being 
aid down for military exercifes, each commanding of- 

O fieetf 



i0 6 A VIEW OF 

ficer of a regiment direQed thofe to be performed, 
which his fancy, or accidents prefented. Hence, when- 
ever two or more regiments were thrown together, or- 
ders given after different manners, and evolutions per- 
formed by different modes, produced confufion, hurt- 
ful to the public fervice. Since the peace of 1783, 
thefe evils have been remedied, more or lefs, by laws 
which have been palfed ; particularly by thofe organiz- 
ing the militia anew, in conformity to the aft of 
congrefs on that fubjecl. 

The militia of this ftate is, therefore, now divided 
into two divilions, each commanded by a Major Ge- 
neral. Thefe divisions comprehend nine brigades, 
thirty nine regiments of infantry, eight regiments and 
a fquadron of cavalry, and one regiment and a battalion 
of artillery ; befides artillery companies, which are attach- 
ed to fome of the regiments of infantry. The brigades 
are commanded by as many Brigadier Generals ; and 
the regiments are commanded by Lieutenant Colonels. 
The Governor is commander in chief of all the militia 
of the ftate, both by lea and land. Should any acci- 
dent happen to him, by which his place mould be 
vacated; the Lieutenant Governor fucceeds, conftituti- 
onally, to the fame; and fhculd any misfortune attend 
him, the Prefident of the Senate, will be commander in 
chief, with executive powers. Beyond this no perfon is 
contemplated in the conftitution of this ftate. The general 
of higheft rank, however, would, in cafe any accident 
fhould happen to the Prefident of the Senate, be veiled 
with the powers of commander in chief; and perhaps, for 
governmental purpofes, might enter upon executive 
duties, until the legiflature could be convened. 

The militia of the ftate, thus organized, are parti- 
cularly under the direction of a brigade infpe&or, with 
the rank of major, for each brigade; and of an ad- 
jutant general, holding the rank of lieutenant colonel ; 
who fuperintends the whole, and reveiws the militia, 

regimentally 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 107 

regimentally, throughout the ftate, from year to year. 
The duties of the brigade infpeclors, are to attend the 
regimental and battalion meetings of the militia, com- 
poling their feveral brigades; during the time of their 
being under arms, to infpecl their arms, ammunition, 
and accoutrements ; fuperintend their exercife and 
manoeuvres; and introduce the fyftem of military 
difcipline throughout the brigade, agreeably to law, and 
to fuch orders, as they mail from time to time receive 
from the commander in chief of the ftate; to make 
returns to the adjutant general of the ftate, at leajl once 
in every year, of the militia of the brigade to which 
he belongs, reporting therein the act.ua! fituation of the 
arms, accoutrements, and ammunition, of the feveral 
corps, and every oilier thing which, in the brigade 
infpeclor's judgment, may relate to their government, 
and the general advancement of good order and 
difcipline. The adjutant general's duties are to receive 
and diflribute orders from the commander in chief of 
the ftate, to the feveral corps; to attend all public 
reviews, when the commander in chief of the ftate fhall 
review the militia, or any part thereof; to obey all 
orders from him, relative to carrying into execution, and 
perfecting the fyftem of military difcipline, eftablifhed 
by law; to furnifh blank forms of different returns; to 
receive from the feveral officers of the different corps 
throughout the ftate, returns of the militia under their 
command, reporting the a&ual fituation of their arms, 
accoutrements, and ammunition, their delinquencies, 
and every other thing, which relates to the general 
advancement of good order and difcipline. From all 
which returns he is to make proper abftracls, laying the 
fame annually before the commander in chief of the 
ftate. His duty alfo requires him, to furnifh the com- 
mander in chief annually, with a general return of the 
militia; and to tranfmitone, in like manner, to the Prefi- 
dentof thefe United States. The appointment of theCe 

O 2 officers, 



jo8 A VIEW OF 

officers, has confequently much benefitted the public 
{ervice; as the militia, throughout the ftate, are difci- 
plined by the fame rules, and are taught to perform the 
fame manoeuvres. Hence, when battalions or regiments 
are reviewed together, the troops perform their evolu- 
tions with an alertnefs and union, far different to former 
times. Much good has alfo refulted to the militia of 
this ftate, from the frequent attendance of the governor 
at reviews. Subordination is thereby promoted; and 
the generals and colonels are better encouraged, and 
Supported, in the execution of their duty. 

By thefe laws, every able bodied white male citizen, 
who is between the ages of eighteen and forty -five 
years, is enrolled in the militia; and free people of 
colour, are enrolled as pioneers. And any number of 
them, not exceeding one third part, may be marched 
out of the ftate, by order of the executive, on particu- 
lar emergencies; ana under certain conditions. When 
in fuch fervice, they are entitled to receive the fame 
pay and rations, and are fubject to the fame rules and 
regulations, as the troops of the United States of 
America; except, that in cafe of courts martial, re- 
specting them, the court is to be drawn from the mili- 
tia of this ftate. In cafe of vacancy, the brigadiers rife 
in their reipe&ive divifions ; the lieutenant colonels, in 
their relpeclive brigades; the majors in their refpeclive 
regiments; the captains in their refpeclive battalions, 
and fquadrons; and the fubalterns in their refpeclive 
troops and companies, by feniority of commiflion : 
and the vacancies for the lowelt fubaltern, in companies 
pr troops, are filled up by ballot, from the company or 
troop, in which fuch vacancy may be. Hence, although 
in the firft inftance all the generals were chofen by the 
legislature, yet, at this time, no election exifts refpecting 
our militia, except in the firft appointment of fubaltern. 
After that has taken place, he rifes with the reft, through 
all the grades, which are contemplated by the laws; 

and 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. io 9 

and being once originated by popular confent, thence- 
forward he derives his authority from regulations, well 
calculated to give efficiency to his orders, over the 
troops he commands. 

The effe&ive militia of this ftate, agreeably to returns 
made, is thirty-five thoufand feven hundred and eighty- 
five : it is fuppoied, however, this number is iiiort, of 
its real ftrength. Of thefe, feventeen hundred and 
forty three are cavalry, regularly embodied, uniiormed 
and trained; who, in the courfeof a few weeks, can be 
brought to any one point within the ftate, which circum- 
fiances may require. This gives vigour to the exe- 
cutive arm, on great emergencies; and, enables it to 
throw a large body of choice troops, fpeedily in front 
of an enemy ; or to march them rapidly, from one 
part of the itate, to the other. 

A general return of the Militia of South-Carolina; as last rendered to 
the Governor and Commander in Chief, by the Adjutant General, 

lft. Brigade, - 3752 

2d. do. 3128 

3d. do. - 5471 

4th. do. - 5041 

5th. do. .... 4748 

6th. do. _____ 1967 

7th. do. - 4006 

8th. do. 5417 

9th. do. - 2224 
General field and ftaff, - - -31 

Total 35,785 



Tenures, value of Estates and Buildings. 

Unlike European countries, whofe inhabitants are 
reftrictcd by impoiing tenures, the foil of Carolina is 

poffelfed 



no A VIEW OF 

poflefled by the people, in a manner the moft encou- 
raging to induftrious labors. They are all originally 
holden by grant, figned by the refpeftive governors of 
the (late, under the feal of the fame; conveying an 
eftate of inheritance, in free, and common foccage. — 
And, are attended with no other expenfe on obtaining 
the grant, than the payment of certain fmall fees of 
office. They are inherited by the laws of this ftate in 
equal fhares, amongft all of the fame degree ; and if 
fold, are conveyed by leafe and releafe, feoffment 
with delivery ; or by firnple deed, according to a late 
a£t of the legiftature, paffed for that purpofe. Few 
lands are holden on leafe ; or if they be, the leafes are 
for fhort terms, and liberal conditions : and, in general 
the lands are poffeffed and tilled by the rightful owners 
of the foil. Hence eveiy improvement made, enhances 
the pleafures, and independence of its owner. For, 
no landlord, can turn him out of his dwelling; or any 
perfon encroach with impunity, on his right of proper- 
ty; in that, he is protected by the laws and conftituti- 
on, of the ftate. 

The incomes of the planters, and farmers, are va- 
rious; ranging from eighty thoufand, to forty dollars. 
Very few, however, receive incomes of the above mag- 
nitude. Many receive from twelve to twenty thoufand 
dollars, per annum ; and the greateft part of the plant- 
ers are only in the annual receipt of from, three to fix 
thoufand dollars. The eftates of thefe latter, may be 
worth from twenty to forty thoufand dollars. The 
farmers are on a fmaller fcale ; and their incomes may 
be faid to range, between two thoufand, and forty 
dollars. The beft lands in this ftate, which are 
tide fwamps, if cultivated, have fold for one hundred 
and feventy dollars an acre. In general, however, they 
fell from feventy to ninety dollars an acre ; on a credit 
pf one or two years. Uncultivated tide land fells pro- 
portionably lower, Inland fwamps, if cultivated, fell 

- at 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 1U 

at prices betwixt twenty and fifty dollars each acre. 
Good cotton land, has fold in Beaufort diftrift, as 
high as lixty dollars per acre. In general, however, its 
value, in different parts of the ftate, is from fix, to forty 
dollars ; the fame depending much on its fituation ; as 
that neareft the fea, is coniidered the raoft valuable, 
and produces the fineft cotton. Other high lands, fell 
from one to fix dollars an acre ; according to their ref- 
peflive fituations, and conveniences to navigation. 
Hence, men poffeffing any capital whatever, may fettle 
themfelves independently; upon lands which defcend 
to their pofterity ; together with every improvement 
made thereon, by their induftrious labour. 

The buildings, are alfo as various, as the values of 
eftates ; ranging in value between thirty thoufand, and 
twenty dollars. They are commonly built of wood; 
fome, however, are conftrucled of brick ; principally 
thofe in cities and towns. And of late years, buil- 
dings have been carried on with fpirit, throughout the 
ftate ; and houfes of brick and wood erected, fuitable 
to the improvement of manners, and comforts of foci- 
ety. The houfes are, for the moll: part, built of one or 
two (lories ; according to the tafte, and abilities of the 
owner. One particularity, however, may be remarked 
refpe£ting them, which is, that piazza's are generally 
attached to their fouthern front ; as well for the con- 
venience of walking therein, during the day, as for 
preventing the fun's too great influence, on the interior 
part of the houfe ; and the out offices are rarely con- 
nected with the principal dwelling, being placed at a 
diftance from it, of thirty or forty yards. The houfes 
of the pooreii fort of people, are made of logs, let in- 
to each other at the ends, their interftices being filled 
up with mofs, ftraw, and clay ; and are covered with 
clap boards. Their plans are limple, as they confift 
only of one or two rooms : and the manners of their 
tenants are equally plain. But, it is here, that health, 

and 



n fi A VIEW OF 

and independence dwell. And a crop of an hogfhead 
of tobacco, or a bag or two of cotton, forms an in- 
come, which pays the taxes and expences of the farm; 
and makes a family happy and contented. 

Manv elegant and expenfive country feats, are fcatter- 
ed throughout the ftate; for the moit part improved ante- 
cedent to the American war. At an early period, gentle- 
men of fortune were invited to form thefe happy retreats 
from noife and buftle; the banks of the Afhley, as being 
near the metropolis of die ftate, was firft the objecl 
of their attention. And here elegant buildings arofe, 
which overlooked grounds, where art and nature were 
happily combined. Gardeners were imported from 
Europe ; and foon the ftately laurel, and the foft 
fpreading elm, (hot up their heads in avenues and walks: 
while they were occafionally clafped by the yellow jaf- 
minr, or crimfon wood-bine. Soon the verdant lawn 
fpre.'.d forth its carpet, contrafted with hedges, gravel 
walks, terraces, and wilderneffes. And nature drawn 
from her receffes, prefented landfcapes, diverfified ?nd 
beautiful, where winds had not long before fhook the 
trees of the foreft; or favages had roamed, impatient 
or government and controul. As fettlements extended 
into the country ; fo, with the encreafe of riches, coun- 
try feats, farther removed from the metropolis, were 
improved. And they are now to be found in many 
parts of the ftate ; progreffing, with the advancement 
of learning and civilization. 

Agriculture. 

i From the modern fettlements of South Carolina, 

f those improvements in her husbandry have not yet 

\ taken place, which in older nations, have progreffed 

under happy influences. Nature has been fo kind 

to the foil of this ftate, and adapted it to fuch early, and 

productive 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 113 

productive vegetation, that the exertions of the culti- 
vator are not called forth fo particularly, as are necef- 
fary in lefs favorable lituations. Hence, all the art 
of manuring, and rotation of crops, have hitherto been 
little attended to; and when one piece of land has been 
exhaufted by culture, another has been cleared of 
woods, for fimilar purpofes. The eafe of making this 
change, without the neceffity of continually forming 
heaps of manure, has of courfe, lead to a flovenefs 
in hufbandry ; which, to an experienced farmer, would 
befpeak ignorance, and inattention. This, however^ 
is not the cafe ; as the crops generally produce good re- 
turns ; and the neceflaries of life may be obtained in 
this country with as much eafe, as perhaps any part of 
the world can fupply. 

In the hufbandry of Carolina, two dbjefts are 
particularly kept in view by the planters and farmers. 
The firft is to raife fomething f^r fale; and the fecond 
is to procure provifions for family concerns. To the 
firft, the principal attention is directed; as being the 
fburce from whence all pecuniary advancements are 
made": while the other is Only attended to, as oppor- 
tunities permit. Hence, fkitl is chiefly obfervable iri 
matters relating to primary objects; and, in fecondary 
ones, much is left to accidental circumftances. In the 
lower country, cotton and rice are cultivated largely, for 
fale; while Indian corn, cow pea fe, and long potatoes, 
are only planted fufficient for the yearly confumption of 
the fettlement : and, on many of the tide fwamp rice 
plantations, no provifions, but potatoes, are planted; 
their produce being only equal to the fupport of the 
plantation for a few months. The reft is fupplied by 
the purchafe of Indian corn, brought down the rivers 
from the middle parts of the {fate; arid alfo imported 
from fome of thefe Uiiited States. In the middle 
country, cotton and Indian corn are principally railed 
for fale; and the produce, in all kinds of grain is fo* 

P abundant a 



31 4 



A VIEW OF 



abundant, that there is no want of provifion, for the 
fupport of life. In the upper country, tobacco is the 
principal object for fale; and its inhabitants have lately 
turned their attention towards the railing of cotton, with 
good profpecls of fuccefs; wheat and hemp are alfo, 
there, raifed for fale ; together with horfes, and ftock of 
different kinds: and flax is cultivated for the convenience 
of family concerns. 

Although in fome parts of the upper country, ftones 
and rocks are met with on the fummit of ridges; yet, 
the lands in culture, are feldom ever fo much troubled 
with them, as to render it neceffary, either to collect them 
in heaps, or to afford materials for building (tone walls. 
Hence, the enclofures, throughout the ftate, are gene- 
rally made of fplit rails ; which being placed on each 
other, in an angular manner, constitute what we call 
& worm fence. The law directs that they be made fix 
feet high : and thus formed, they are fufficiently ftrong to 
keep out the large herds of cattle and hogs, which con- 
tinually roam the woods; and, to whofe attacks, hedges, 
made after European modes, would, probably, not 
be fufficiently ftrong to prevent trefpaffes being made. 
In the lower and middle country, thefe rails are gene- 
rally made of pine; but, in the upper country, chefnut 
and oak are moftly appropriated to that purpofe. And, 
fo abundant is the growth of thefe trees, and other 
kinds of fuitable wood throughout the ftate, that they 
may be conveniently fplit into rails, almoft along the 
line, on which the fence is to run ; thereby leffening 
much, the trouble of carting. 

At the firft fettlement of South-Carolina, wheat and 
other high land grains were planted ; but without giv- 
ing returns for any bafis of exportation. They were 
accordingly laid afide, except for provifions to the in- 
habitants ; and naval ftores, lumber, live ftock, and 
peltry of different kinds, became articles of exporta^ 
tion. The confined fituation alfo, of her fettlement^ 

naturally 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. n 5 

naturally operated againft: agricultural purfuits; and 
furrounding dangers diverted the attention of the inha- 
bitants. But, when in time they had enlarged the 
boundaries of the fettlement; as new fources were pre- 
fented, fo alfo, chance, or induftry, prefented new ob- 
jects of agriculture. This country then began to rife 
into importance ; and foon it attracted the attention of 
Europe. For about this time the rice plant was intro- 
duced, well fuited to thofe extenfive fertile fwampy 
lands, which had heretofore been confidered as ufelefs 
and unprofitable. 

Rice, was firtt planted in South-Carolina, about the 
year 1688: when by chance a little of it, of a fmall 
unprofitable kind, was introduced into the ftate. In 
the year 1696, a bag of a larger and whiter rice, was 
prefented, by a captain Gf a brigantine from Madagafcar, 
to the governor ; who divided it between feveral gen- 
tlemen. And fome time afterwards, Mr. Du Bois, 
treafurer to the Britifh Eaft India company, fent ano- 
ther parcel of rice; which probably made the diftinftion 
which now prevails, between white and gold rice. From 
thefe fmall beginings, have fprung the quantities of 
that grain which now cover our fields ; and afford rich 
fupplies to the commerce of this ftate. 

In its early cultivation rice was planted on high land; 
but thefe being by no means rich foils- and it being ob- 
ferved, that this plant not only required the richeft 
kind of land, but alfo frequent flowings of water; the 
planters, in its cultivation, were naturally led from the 
high lands to the frefh water fwamps. To thefe fitua- 
tions it was found perfectly adapted ; and rice immedi- 
ately became the great ftaple of the country. It was 
now, that importations of negro (laves were made with 
great avidity. And the proceeds of a crop, inftead of 
being fpent in diflipated living, were economifed to en- 
creafe the exertions of the enfuing year. Hence, for- 

P 2 tunes 



U 6 A VIEW OF 

tunes were rapidly made ; and people were encouraged 
from all parts, to try their fortunes in South-Carolina. 

Rice, may be faid to be folely the produce of the 
Jower country. It is fometimes grown in the middle 
country ; but of fmall quantity, more for the ufe of its 
inhabitants, than for the purpofes of fale. The planta- 
tions which produce this grain, are of two kinds, river 
swamp, and inland srvamp. The firft are immediately 
connected with irefh water rivers; the latter are htuated 
o:"! low inland fwamp, unconnected with tides or navi- 
gation. Hence, river fwamp plantations, from the 
command of water, which at high tides can be intro- 
duced over the fields, have an undoubted preference to 
inland plantations ; as the crop is more certain, and the 
work of the negroes lefs toilfome. Experience having 
proven, that low lands, well drained and banked, are 
moll produBive in rice; and it being neceffary, that at 
particular times, the crop be kept wet or dry; the plan- 
ter's attention is immediately direBed to theie particu- 
lars. When, from inattention, rice lands are kept in a 
ftate of being neither completely wet or dry, which with 
us is called a sobby state ; the hoe does little execution 
with the graffes which abundantly fpring up ; and the 
fun is apt to heat the mallow water lying on the ground, 
and ia the trenches; thereby fcalding, and materially in- 
juring the tender ftems and roots of the young rice. 
And here, hpwever equal the (kill of the tide and inland 
planter may be ; yet the former has greatly the advan- 
tage in flowing his fields, at fuitable times; while the 
latter, from a want of rain to fill his refervoirs, is pre- 
vented from giving his rice that due quantity of water, 
whicli its nourishment, and even fafety from infeBs, 
often requires. Rice lands are laid out into fquares, or 
fmall fields, proportioned to the flrength of the negroes 
who work them, in fuch manner that they can be plant- 
ed, or hoed through, in the courfe of a week. Thefe 
fields are feparated from each other by proper banks \ 

fufficiently 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. n 7 

fufficiently ftrong for retaining water in the one, whilft 
thofe adjoining are kept dry. They communicate with 
each other by trunks and unices, having valves at either 
end, to receive or retain water; ani have large trunks, 
or flood gates, from rivers or refervoirs; through which 
water is occafionally introduced. The advantages hence 
arifing are, that when the fields are grafly, one field can 
be hoed in a few days; and before the grafs can fpring 
again, water is thrown upon it, if attainable; by which 
the grafs is kept down, while the growth of rice is much 
accelerated. Or fhould the feafons be fhowery, and 
the grafs vigorous, it is occafionally found expedient 
to throw on water; which checks the growth of the grafs, 
until the hoes are ready for it. And fhould the iwamp 
be uneven ; by thus dividing it into fmall fquares, 
each of them can be flowed with lefs water, and to a 
greater certaintv. 

About the twentieth of March, the fpring has fo far 
made its appearance, as to enable the fowing of rice in 
the tide lands; the inlands are not planted, until the 
firft or fecond weeks in April, as their foils are of cold- 
er nature. Now, the red flowering maple tree has put 
on its fcarlet robe, the alder its bloffoms, and the wil- 
low its leaves; the elder alfo, fhoots up vigorous ftalks, 
from the rich lands in which it grows, and the fwamp 
floe-bum is covered with a profufion of fnowy blofr 
foms. The wild geefe and ducks, have departed for 
northern regions ; and the planter, freed from their 
ravages, begins ferioufly to fow his crop ; continuing 
that bufinefs from time to time, until the tenth of June: 
after which, the feafons fcarcely permit its being ma- 
tured, before the frofts fet in. For this purpofe, the 
land having been previoufly turned up, is drilled either 
with plows or hoes, but moft generally with the hoe, 
into about 100, or 125 trenches in the half acre ; or 
eighty trenches in a quarter of an acre: and rice is 
(own therein, from one to two bufhels the acre. It is 

then 



n8 A VIEW OF 

then covered ; and the general cuftom of tide planters, 
is immediately to flow the fields with water; keeping 
the fame on, from two to four days, according to the 
feafon, and the heat of the weather. This effecls two 
good things : firft, killing all worms which may be in 
the ground ; and fecondly, difpofing the grain to quick 
vegetation. The water is then run off, and in five or 
fix days the rice begins to appear; coming up regular- 
ly throughout the field. Inland planters have not this 
advantage; their lands very often remain in a wet ftate 
throughout a great part of the winter; and are thereby 
of cold nature, unfriendly to early vegetation. Many 
of them, therefore, do not begin to fow their rice crop 
until the fecond week in April : and in general, all of 
them after having fown it, find it more prudent to wait 
for feafons to bring it up, than by flowing to exhauft 
their refervoirs at fo early a period. Hence, according 
to the different flages of drynefs, or moifture, in their 
fields, the rice either vegetates quickly, or is retarded for 
fome weeks ; and perhaps ultimately rots in the ground 
if not affifted by fome timely mower. Befides this, fo 
much time elapfes before the rice comes up, that grafs, 
in many inftances, comes up with the grain; retarding 
the growth of rice, and encreafing the labour of hoeing. 
After the rice be fome inches high, and have attained 
a little ftrength, it requires an hoeing. This is a necef- 
fary bufinels; as without it the plant will fometimes 
ficken and die. Three or more of thefe hoeings, are 
commonly given to rice, during its growth; and at the 
fecond hoeing the. toil becomes more ferious; for now 
the grafs is hand-picked from the roots of the rice. Af- 
ter this operation be over, a flowing in tide lands is 
commonly given, and continued from ten to twenty days; 
in order to give the rice a ftretch, and to prepare it for 
branching, which it now begins to do : after which the 
water is run off gradually, and the rice remains dry for 
fome time. This is a critical period of the crop : a? 

the 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. u 9 

the harveft proves good or bad, in proportion to the 
branching of the rice ; where every branch produces 
one ear, containing from one hundred to two hundred 
and fifty, or three hundred grains, as the lands may be 
productive. In dry feafons the rice, when growing, is 
liable to attacks from a fmall bug, equally injurious to 
it, as the Hessian fly is faid to be to wheat, or the blast 
to fugar canes. Thefe infects attach themfelves to the 
rice, and fuck out all the nourifhment of the plant. In 
tide plantations this mifchief is eafily remedied, by 
opening the fluices, and by flowing the fields with wa- 
ter. But the haplefs inland planter, as was before ob- 
ferved, has not this conveniency; patience and hope 
are the only fources, to which he can then apply for con- 
folation. 

Three months after the fowing of rice, it begins to 
joint, blofTom, and form the ear; water is now abso- 
lutely neceffary, for without it there is much light 
rice ; and whenever it can be thrown on from rivers, 
or refervoirs, it is fo done : and is retained thereon, 
with a change of water, if convenient, until a few days 
before harveft. This grateful operation, in agriculture, 
begins generally on tide lands towards the end of Au- 
guft; and in September the harveft becomes general 
throughout the ftate. Thus we fee, that in about five or 
fix months, the crop is fairly made ; and the planter has 
leifure, during the fine feafons of O&ober and Novem- 
ber, to make improvements on his lands, before the 
colds and rains of winter fet in. In Auguft, when the 
rice is flowed, and as it is termed, the hoes laid by, the 
cooper fluff is procured, which is neceffary for export- 
ing the rice in barrels. For this purpofe, negroes are 
then fent into the pine lands to fplit ftaves and heading 
for barrels ; while others, afterwards, cut hoop poles for 
making them : and, in well managed plantations, jobb* 
ing work, neceffary for having things in readinefs, in the 
different departments, are attended to. Now the barn 

and 



i2o A VIEW OF 

and barn yard, is put in order; and the rice mill is pre* 
pared for manufacturing the rice for market. Such is 
the mode of conducting a rice crop through its differ* 
ent ftages ; however, it is not the only one. Of late 
years a new procefs has been imroduced; which from 
the free ufe of water, has obtained the appellation of 
-water culture. By this mode, when the rice is in the 
fourth leaf, the fields are flowed to the top of the rice ; 
and the water is gradually increafed, as the rice rifes in 
growth; until the water be about a foot deep. It is then 
retained from feventeen to twenty days ; after which 
it is gradually drawn off during a fpace of fix days. 
Were this precaution not ufed, the rice having been 
run up in (lender {talks by the water, would, when the 
water was drawn off, fall in the mud, and rot. The 
rice is then kept feveral weeks dry, and hoed as occafi- 
on may require ; afer which, water is again thrown 
on, and continued until harveft. It is faid, that by this 
procefs, a greater quantity of rice is made to the hand$ 
although lefs be made to the acre, than in the fir It men- 
tioned way. Sorae planters have adopted it ; but the 
other mode is moft generally purfued. As in addition 
to the care in attending the feveral ftages of the water 
culture, and of withdrawing the water by flow degrees, 
and fmall portions; it can only be fuccefsfully ufed on 
thofe plantations, where the fwamp is exceedingly 
level, and water is eafilv obtained. 

The produce of rice to the acre is different, in differ- 
ent foils; and in proportion to the {kill with which it is 
managed* On tide lands, 240o!bs. weight of clean rice, 
have been made to the a ere :■ but in general, the produce 
is from 1200 to ^oolbs* weight each acre. The inland 
plantations, do not average fo much ; ranging Only be- 
tween 600 and i50olbs. weight of clean rice to the acre s 
they, however, in addition to this, generally make their 
own provifions ; which is an advantage that the poor high 
lands of the tide planters do not permit them to enjoy. 

After 



SOUTH CAROLINA. iei 

After harveft, the crop is placed in the open barn 
yards, either in ftacks or in large ricks. It is then threfh- 
ed out by han^-flails, on a level barn yard or floor, 
made of rammed clay, or of portions of fand and 
tar; and being winnowed from the ftraw, is ready for 
beating. This operation was formerly performed by 
manual labour, with a peflle and mortar; and is ftill fo 
done, in fome parts of the ftate. But the legiflaturej 
as early as the year 1691, turned their attention to- 
wards ameliorating labour; pafling a law to encourage 
the invention of machines, engines, and mills, for this* 
and other purpofes. And, what with public patron- 
age and private neceffity, the rice mills in this fiate* 
are now arrived to a perfection, unequalled by thofe 
of a ly part of the world.* A truly happy event, 
arifing, no doubt, from that freedom of mind, which, 
like the American government, gives free fcope to eve- 
ry rational purfuit; and encourages thofe latent pow- 
ers into action, which defpotic governments, and un- 
juft monopolies, often endeavour to deftroy. 

Three kinds of rice mills, called pecker^ cog, and 
water mills, are ufed in this ftate. The firft is the molt 
fimple ; and, probably, that which was firft in ufe. It is 
fo called, from the peftle's ftriking fomewhat in the 
manner of a wood pecker, when pecking a tree. The 
fecond, confifts of a large cog horizontal wheel* turn- 
ing a trundle wheel ; working upright peftles, nearly 
on the fame principles as a madder mill. Both of thefe 
mills are worked by oxen, mules, or horfes ; and ge- 
nerally beat out from three to lix barrels of rice a 
day. For thefe, the rice is generally ground by wood- 
en mills, which feparate the chaff from the grain ; and 
the chaff is afterwards blown away by hand wind'ans^ 
The rice is then beaten in the mills, until it be fufHci- 
ently polifhed and cleanfed from the flour. It is then 

Q lifted 

* See an account of the Chinefe rice mills, in Van Braam^ Chinese Embassy} 
vol. lid. pages 286 and 392. Alfo in Staunton's Chinese Embassy, voL th&i 



scs A VIEW OF 

lifted, by different fized wire feives; and, afterwards, is 
packed in barrels for market. Of late, an improvement 
of fimple, but excellent nature, has been made in 
fifting the rice; which, although it be not yet in gene- 
ral ufe, is well worthy the attention of the planter ; 
as wherever it has been ufed, it has always coniiderably 
leffened labor, and has been attended with complete 
fuccefs. This machine, is called a pendulum screen; 
and was brought into ufe, by Mr. Lewis Du Pre, in 
the year 1 798 : and fince that time has been ufed by 
feveral planters in the manufacture of their rice. Its 
conftruclion is fimple, and of fmall expenfe ; eftefting 
fo much additional work, that an indifferent working 
Have, befides fifting out the rice flour, and the fmalt 
broken rice, will alfo fift ten or twelve barrels of whole 
rice, with great eafe, in the courfe of the day ; and a 
prime worker, from fix teen to eighteen. By this in- 
vention all the other fifters (of which, without it, there 
are from three to fix) are withdrawn from the barn, and 
directed to other work ; in addition to which, the rice is 
better fifted and poli fried. The water mills are put in 
motion by underfliot wheels ; the level fituation of the 
lower country, not allowing an head of water to be raif- 
ed for doing otherwife. In general they are of fimple 
Gonftru&ion, performing the operation only of beating; 
with the addition, fometimes, of a grinding and win- 
nowing part, fimilar to the annexed engraving; but, of 
late years, fome have been ereBed with complicated 
mechanifm ; whofe movements proceed with perfeci 
harmony, carrying the grain through a variety of 
changes, until it be finally delivered into the barrel, 
and is there packed for market. 

One of thefe mills, confifts of four cog wheels, and 
one lanthern wheel ; a pair of large mill ftones, from 
four to feven feet diameter; fifteen or more pullies 
working broad leathern ftraps ; two rolling fcreens -, 
one or two wind fans ; a brufh ; one or more fets of ele- 
vating 



( if// ■'//■> f'f/r /{>-,(' r/ f( "^Vatar Rice Machine cut t/.n't/ //, South Carolina 




A.. The WuuMaft.fer raiding the Flood (rate. 
15. Halef.fvra Pin by which /he Windlafs SCPloodCate arc secured. 
C. ihc main driving Cog Mind. fused on the Water wheel shaft. 
1). dlarge Wheel revolving on the same Aj-Ic with the small Wheel^T. 

E. la'i/tall Lartthorn Wheel (impelled f>y ihe large Cog Wheel D- 

F. MUX Sialics. 

G. l/o/t/tcr. 



YL.Tunnel ■icwhich the rough Rice fall* from illelojt. 
I, funnel.) m the Mill Stoner discharging into the Wind- fan Jfcjifier. 
I...I Mtu/i/i. orked by a Crank for moving a, riddle wiihui the Fan. 
M.HulUcri i-uifp fuyting thro IheD oar. 

1ST. ThcHulU ,- rice, discharging from theWind-Fan inlotheSin (). 
Y.At'ogWi eel.Moving the Arle S. 
Q. ThcfeMi r 



~R. The Morton] 
TX. Two Movedbl Beams, sufijwrting lh< A.cU- 8. 
V. Bud of the CrfsBeatw. into which the Screw K. fvlays, and also 
sigifwrts the .mg moveable Beam VV on which the uii/ier Mill 
Stone rests, r> iscd at jit ensure by Screw K. 
"VT. ABand.tyhie, work* the Cuiliy of theHlncl-Fan. 
X. Along croft I iam,comve e liiii/ thcBeatvng & Grinding Feu ' 



SOUTH^CAROLINA. j«3 

vating buckets, and fpiral horizontal conveyers.* 
Thefe are all primarily moved by a large water wheel, 
by late improvements increai'ed to the diameter of 
twenty two feet, by a width of fourteen feet ; and 
while cleaning the rice, carry it through the following 
operations : 

The rough rice, is carried by a fet of elevating buck- 
ets, from the lower, into the upper (lory of the ma- 
chine houfe, from whence it falls into a rolling fcreen; 
which feparates the land and gravel from it ; and pours 
it clean into the hopper. From the hopper it paffes to 
the mill ftones, where the chaff is feparated from the 
grain, and is afterwards blown away by a wind fan. 
The milled rice is then difcharged into a bin, placed 
above the mortars; having funnels communicating 
therefrom to the mortars. The rice is then introduced 
into the mortars by the funnels, and is there beaten by 
pettles weighing about 23olbs. weight; which ftrike the 
rice from 32 to 44 times in a minute.t When the ricev 
be fufficiently beaten, it is taken out and thrown into an 
hopper; from whence, by a fet of elevating buckets, it 
is carried up to another rolling fcreen, where the fmall 
rice and flour are feparated from it. The whole rice, 
then paffes through a funnel, under the friction of a 
brufh, which takes off any flour which may flill ad- 
here to the grain ; it thence falls into a wind fan, which 

Q 2 winnows 

* See IVth. vol. Repertory of Arts, page 319, a defcription and engraving of 
a wheat mill ; in which the elevators, and conveyors, give a good idea of thofe 
ufedinour beft rice mills. The elevator is an endlefs leatherr, ftrap, revolving 
over two pullies, one of which is fet where the rice is to be hoifted from, and 
the other, where it is to be hoifled to. To this flrap, is faflened a number of 
fmall leathern buckets ; which fill themfelves as they pafs under the lower pul- 
ley, and empty themfe.lves, as they pafs over the upper one. To prevent watte, 
of what maybe fpilt out of thefe buckets, the firap, backets, and pulleys, are 
all enclofed, and worked in light cafes; fo that what is fpiit will de r ce d to the 
place from where it was hoifled, and will be again taken up by the buckets. 

+ The execution of thefe peflles is infinitely greater, than thofe of the Chi- 
nefe water mills, mentioned by Van Braaai in his ChLefeZmbalTy^ See, note 
VI, in appendix. 



ii 4 A VIEW OF 

winnows it clean, and discharges it into a bin. From 
whence, by funnels, it is received into barrels ; and in 
forne mills, is eyen packed in them by mechanical ope- 
ration. 

1 he difpatch, and neatnefs of work, done by thefe 
mills, is extremely pleafing; particularly when we con- 
sider the fmall attendance neceflary for working them. 
Three perfons can manage fuch mills, in all their 
changes ; and, one week with another, they will beat 
out one hundred barrels of rice, each of 6oolbs. weight 
neat. More than this could be effe&ed by them, were 
not thefe mills generally placed on tide lands, and their 
operations thereby checked, towards high water, for 
fome hours. From fixteen to twenty barrels of rice 
have been beaten out by one of them in a tide ; but it 
was when the tide ran low, and a good head of water 
had been previoufly taken in. For thefe mills,* the 
public is indebted to the exertions and ingenuity of Mr. 
Jonathan Lucas $ who, for eight or ten years paft, has 
been engaged in their conftrucliom The rice field 
banks, in thefe cafes, form refervoirs for the mills ; into 
which the flood tide is introduced, through locks or 
flood gates, which fhut of themlelves with the turn of 
the tide. And as foon as the ebb tide has made about 
two or three hours, the mill commences its operation, 
and works until a quarter flood, or more. Some inland 
plantations, having extenhve refervoirs of water, beat 
out crops alio by thefe complicated mills ; but, general- 
ly fpeaking, they ufe thofe working with oxen, as be- 
ing lefs expenfive, and more fuitable to fmall crops of 
rice. A few ginning or threfhing mills, Lave alfo been 
introduced for feparsting the rice from the draw ; but 
they are not conhdered as improvements fufficiently im- 
portant, either to b p brought into common ufe by 
tjiemfelves, or to be added to the complicated mechanifm 

of 

* Thefe tide mills work with every ebb tide, both day and night. 



of planting a RICE CR01 
r South-Carolina, Spain, 1 



atjfereni coumrii. 



IN. 



EGYPT. 



land is 
up by a 
and eo- 
lith wa- 
• inches 



The land is covere 
over with water for 
week. Afterwards mer 
women, and childrer 
naked, up to the wail 
walk and fink deep ini 
the mud, and free tr 
land from the old roo 
and Hubble. 




How rice land 
isj)rerjared. 

How flowed 
■with water du- 
ring growth. 



I 

Generally by turning up turr 
the land with an hoe; but|pl°V 
fometimes it is done with vere 
By letting on water, frou'*er_; 
refervoirs or rivSrs, by 
means of flukes and flood 



mfp lan- 
each 
iflant a 
3m the 
and the 
cover- 
■ inches 
iter, 
anted 



By tranfplantation 
July. 



What en 



creafe. 



kles, or 

hooks. 

nes by 



Eighty for one has been 
made, but the crops in ge- 
neral do no reach more 
than 40 or 50 for one. 



10 



In fheaves. 



[en out, 
idng 
c mules 



The fheaves are fpread; 
on the floor, and a cart, I 
with cutting; wheels, ! 



How threfhed. 



(drawn by oxen, paffesj 



By flails. 



1 
by 
hoi 
ovc 
ftoj 



How cleaned. 



It firft partes through 
grinding mills ; fome of 
hich are of wood, others 
of {tone. It then is beaten, „, 
fometimes by hand, in a lo 
mortar; but moll generallyjco 
by pounding mills, of va-icc 
rious conftrucYions, and 
powers, worked by water, 
and oxen. 



How pack- 
ed for fale or 
exportation. 



by 



It is put into barrels, con- 
taining from 560 to 6oolbs. 
neat, of clean rice. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 12S 

of a water pounding mill. From the above machinery, 
and the rival ihip it naturally excites in cleaning rice for 
market, the Caiolina rice itands unrivalled in Europe; 
and never fails commanding a fale, when there is any 
demand for that article. Formerly fome competition 
was made againit it, from countries adjacent to the Me- 
diterranean ; but it was obliged to give way; as the 
Carolina rice was preferred to that of Verona and 
Egypt, wherever it was carried.* Of late years, the 
belt kind of India rice, imported into Great Britain, 
could not compare with it, either in price or quality. 
And we have now the fatisfaction to obferve; that as far 
as relates to this ftaple of our countiy, we already Hand 
on a footing with nations, boaftmg centuries or exig- 
ence; and {till remaining wrapt up in the conceit of 
their own excellence. 

Befides the white and gold rice, already mentioned, 
there are fome others in the ftate, of liitle note or con- 
fequence ; prinripatly cultivated by negros. They 
are called Guinea rice, bearded rice, a Jhort grained 
rice, fomewhat like barley, and a fpecies of high lani 
nice. In the year 1797, Mr. Jefferfon, with an atten- 
tion, which has in many inftances been manifefted to 
the interefts of this ftate, added greatly to our cata- 
logue of this grain; by prefenting the Agricultural 
Society of this ftate with ninety eight different parcels 
of rice, and an account of one hundred and four kinds 
of that grain, which he obtained from one of the Phi- 
lippine iflands. Portions of each kind, were fown in 
the fpring, but with no fuccefs -1 poflibly, from the 
feed having been too old before they were obtained ; 
or, from their having been heated during a long paftage 
from the Kaft- Indies to America. I did not fee thefe 
kinds of rice, until many of the parcels were taken 
away; bui from the opinion I could form of thole re- 
maining, as alfo, from converting on that fubjeel, with 

different 

* Andcnon. on Commerce, Vol. Ill, page 164. 



A TABLE, ,Uwi*g the lomparattve M, of planting a RICE CROP i and afterward* ; pnpanng U fir market, in th 

different count, of South-Carolina, Spain, Egypt, Sumatra and China. 



How rice land 
is prepared, 



How rice 
planted. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 



Generally by turning up 
the land with an hoe; but 
fometimes it is done with 
a plough, and harrowed. 



e land 
tun up by a 
pl-h.and 
ve with wa- 
tetur inche 
de 



The land is covered 
over with water for ; 
eek. Afterwards men 
women, and children 
taked, up to the ward 
.valk and fink deep into 
the mud, and free the 
land from the old roots 
and Hubble. 



It is fown in drills, from 
16 to 18 inches afundi 
at the rate of from 1 to 2 
bufhcls the acre. 



itranfplan- 
tati ; each 
nil, diftant a 
foifrom the 
otl, and the 
;rod cover- 
d ur inches 
wiv,vater. 
Tr.planted 



How rice 
reaped. 



How gathered 



How threfhed. 



!ffickles, or 
reaig hooks. 
Sortimes by 
foyis. 



EGYPT. 



Buffaloes are turned 
Into the land, which by 
wading and rolling oye 
it.ftiritup. After whicl 
a flat board.with weights 
on it, is drawn over the 
land to make it level 



By tranfplantation 



SUMATRA. 



By tranfplantation. 



CHINA. 



The field is flowed with water, 
and ploughed with an ox plough, 
while the water is on. It is then 
harrowed in the fame way. 



It is Town broad-caft, in loofe 
mud; and is afterwards taken 
from thence and tranfplanted in 
loofe mud, in quiiicuiiae order. 



By a particular kind 
of fmall knife. 



By long knives, rather concav- 
ed at the edge. Alfo by fickles. 



In (heaves, with a length 
of ftraw. 



IJieaves. 



By flails. 



The ears of rice are 
cut fhort, one by one, 
and tied in a little flieaf, 
an.! thrown into a balket. 



1 dden out, 
by riving 
hoi & mules 
ovfit, on a 
(lor or ftucco 



The (heaves are fpread 
n the floor, and a cart, 
with cutting wheels, 
drawn by oxen, partes 
over them, which fepa 
rates the grain from th 
ftraw. 



In very large (heaves : one 
n brings only two out of th* 
frdd at a time. 



The (heaves are (pread 
on mats in the bai 

nd the grain rubbed 
from the ftraw, by the 
feet of the labourers 
This exercife fometime: 
draws the blood from 
their feet. 



By flails. 



How cleaned. 



It firft pafles through 
grinding mills ; fome of 
hich are of wood, others 
of (lone. It ihen is beaten, 
fometimes by hand, in a 
mortar; but moft generally 
by pounding mills, of va- 
rious conftruftions, and 
powers, worked by water, 
and oxen. 



is cleaned 
by grindi 
mil whofe 
lov,- ftone 
coved with 
col Pound 
ingmills are 
ule alfo 
for place 



It is carried to grana 
nes, where there is i 
mill that frees it from 
the hufk. 



It is beaten by hand 
a mortar. It is alfo 
cleaned by means of an 
hollow wooden cylin- 
der, turned horizontally 
on a fulid wooden cylin 
der of the fame diame 
ter. The hollow cylin 
der anfwers the purpofe 
of an hopper, at the 
fame time that it per 
forms the bufmefs of th 
upper mill ftone, in 
grinding mill. 



It is cleaned from the loofe 
ftraw, by riddling it in a balKet, 
and throwing it up in the air: it 
afterwards is palfed through a 
hand wind fan, or large (ieve. It 
is then rubbed between two 
blocks of wood like wooden 
mills, to get off the chaff; the 
upper mill is not turned round, 
but puthed backwards and for- 
wards hke a (ieve. It is then 
beat out bv hand, with a wooden 
mortar and peftle. Water mills 
are alfo nfed, which work a fet 
of mill (lones, and fome peftles. 



How pack-j It is put into barrels, con- 
ed for fale obtaining from 560 to 6oolbs, 
exportation, jneat, of clean rice. 



It is mixed with fait, 
and then put into oval 
panniers, made of date 
tree leaves ; containing 
about lyolbs. neat, o( 
clean rice. 



It is put into panniers and bags. 



How flowed 
with water du 
ring growth. 



What 
cieafe. 



By letting on water, fr 
refervoirs or riv?rs, 
means of flukes and fl 
gates. 



worked by oxen, which 
elevate water from the 
Nile, when not other- 
wife to be obtained. 



Eighty for one has 1 
made, but the crops inJm 30 to 
neral do no reach n't one. 
than 40 or 50 for one. 



Said to be 80 for 1 ; 
but this calculation not 
referring, particularly, to 
the quantity of rice fown, 
or plants tranfplanted; 
no certain opinion can 
be formed of it. 



Said to be 1 00 for j 
But fubjefr. to the fame 
doubt as the calculation 
rcfpe&ing Egypt, 



&y an liyduulic engine, or iim- 
ple conftruclion, worked by two 
men, with their feet, while the 
reft of their bodies are at reft. 
It is portable, and eafily removed 
from placr to place. The lands 
are alfo flowed by means of a 
long tub, which has firings fixed 
to both ends of it. By thefe, two 
men throw it from the rice field 
bank into the river, and rake it 
out full of water, which they 
pour over the bank into the rice 
field. Before they do this, a large 
mat is fpread over the bank, to 
prevent its being injured by the 
water. They alfo elevate water 
from the river, or lower field, in 
the fame manner as it is taken out 
of a well with a pole and bucket. 
They elevate water, alfo, fuccefs- 
fully, by a wheel with buckets, 
made of bamboo. 



i«6 A VIEW OP 

different perfons ; I am inclined to believe, that they 
fcannot be all different fpecies, although they are affer- 
ted fo to be, in an account tranfmitted by the gentle- 
man who procured them in the Eaft-Indies.* As fome 
of thefe parcels had fcarcely any vifible difference, I 
conceive many of them to be varieties of the fame 
fpecies ; differing only, in proportion to the excellence 
of the land, and fkill with which they have been culti- 
vated. This, has been the cafe, even in this ilate. And 
fliould my opinion be well founded, this catalogue will 
be greatly reduced. The gentleman, who procured, and 
fent thefe different kinds of rice to Mr. Jefferfon, was 
certainly no botanift; or, otherwife, he would not have 
hazarded fo bold an expreffion of their being all diffe- 
rent fpecies. Befides, he has been at no pains to dif- 
tinguiih their different formations or appearances, by 
which alone, his opinion could have been corroborated. 
Againft this, we have the authority of Linneus, who 
only mentions one fpecies of rice {Oryza fativa) culti- 
vated rice. But Hill, this authority although highly 
refpecfable, is not infalible ; and when there are fo ma- 
ny varieties of rice, there may be other fpecies, than 
the one, which he has mentioned under this general 
term. In the article of wheat (Triticum,) with which 
fjLinneus may be fuppofed to have been better acquainted 
from perfonal obfervation, he has noted, not lefs than 
eleven different fpecies ; of rye (Secale) he has mention- 
ed four fpecies; of barley (Hordeum) eight fpecies; and 
of oats (avena) not lefs than fifteen fpecies. This being 
the cafe, we may be pardoned, in hazarding a con- 
je&ure, that fome of thefe kinds of rice, conftituted 
other fpecies, than that noted by Linneus. For, one of 
them was bearded; fome of them were larger, and 
mpre flender, than Carolina rice ; others, were of a 

flatter 

* This account was in Spanifh, and not being among the papers of the Agri- 
cultural Society, I could only refer to the Engliih tranilation of the fame, which 
saay be more or lefs correct. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. i 2 ; 

flatter texture. Some of the parcels, both of gold 
and white rice, were of a long, (lender, and curved 
grain ; neatly and peculiarly formed : others were oval, 
fome large, and fome fmall ; and others had fomewhat 
the refemblence of guinea corn, or a large kind of 
millet. Befides thefe diverfities, their ufes were alfo 
different in India. Some of them, were called Jine 
rice, as being more delicate, whiter, and more agreea- 
bly flavored ; and, as fuch, were ufed by the principal 
women. Others were coniicered as ordinary rice ; as 
being mod nutritious, and ferving for common food. 
And a third kind was called clammy rice, as adhering, 
when boiled, into one glutinous mafs ; of which pud- 
dings were made, with cocoa milk and fugar. 

Indigo was formerly a great fource of wealth to this 
ftate; being introduced into it, about the year 1745. 
And fuch was the fuccefs with which it was cultivated, 
that two years thereafter 200,ooolbs. weight of indigo, 
were exported to England.* From that time its culture 
was much attended to, throughout the lower, and in 
fome fituations, in the middle part of the ftate : and 
many fortunes were made, by purfuing this branch of 
agriculture. Since the commencement of the wars, 
which have difturbed Europe for feveral paft years, and 
in confequence of large importations from the Eaft In- 
dies, its cultivation has ceafed to be profitable; and but 
a very fmall quantity of it is now planted within the limits 
of this ftate. The lands, which were fuitable to the 
growth of this plant, are fortunately well adapted to 
the cultivation of cotton. And hence, by an eafy 
tranfition, and without much expence, the indigo plan- 
ter, driven, by neceffity, to fearch out other fources of 
induftry, have directed their attention to the planting 
of cotton ; and experience the molt advantageous re- 
ward in its returns. 

Cotton is noticed as an article of export in South- 
Carolina, 

* Andenon m Cemrntrce. Vol. Ill, page *6sr. 



^8 A VIEW OF 

Carolina, as early as the year 1754; and from that 
time to this, it has been grown in the Irate ; but, with~ 
out any particular attention, until of late years. During 
the American war with Great Britain, it was raifed 
through necefiity ; and with a mixture of wool, or 
fometimes by itfclf, was woven into negro cloths : 
but, itceaTed with the caufe which excited its culture; 
and again funk to its former level. As, an article of 
export from the United States of America, it originat- 
ed in Georgia, iince the peace of 1783 ; and yielding 
extraordinary profits 10 the plan f er, loon recommended 
itfelf to thofe of this ftate. And hence that beginning, 
which has now furpafted in value the greateft crops of 
rice or indigo, which have ever been made in South- 
Carolina.* 

The cotton which is grown in this Mate, may be 
ranged in three claries : viz, nankeen, green seed, and 
black seed, Cotton. 

Nankeen cotton, is principally grown in the middle 
and upper country, for family ufe. It is fo called from 
the wool, refembling the colour of nankeen or Nan- 
king cloth ; which it retains as long as it is worn. It 
is not in much demand, the white cotton having cngrof- 
fed the public attention. Were it encouraged however, 
cloths might be manufactured from it, perhaps not. 
inferior to thofe imported from the Eaft Indies, it being 
probable the cotton is of the fame kind ;t as from ex- 
periment, 

* The cotton exported from trie port o* Charleflon alone, from the ifl Oc» 
tober, i8co, to lit O&ober, 1801, was 8, 30 1,907 ibs. 

+ ' The fluff called Nam-Ring, which is manufactured at a great <?if!ance from 

* the place of that name, in the diftrift of Fong-Kiang-Jbv, fituated in the fouth 
1 eaft of the province of Kiang-nam, and upon the tea fhore, is made of a brown 
4 kind of cotton, which it feems can only be grown in that quarter. The co« 
' lour of Nam King is then natural, and not fubjecl: to fade. As the greater 

* part of the inhabitants of Europe and other countries are in the perfuafion, trjft 
' the colour of the fluff, in queftion, is given it by a dye, I am happy to have it 
4 in my power to reftity their error. 

«Th<* 



SOUTH-CAROLlN T A. 129 

periments which have been made, nankeens have been 
manufactured in this itate, of good colour and of very 
ftrong texture. 

Green seed cotton, produces a good white wool, 
adhering much to the feed ; and, of courfe, with diftu 
cultv ginned. Its produce is greater, and its maturity- 
is fooner than the black feed ; for whi'ch reafon it is 
principally cultivated in the middle and upper country; 
as the feafons of thofe diftritts are fhorier, by feveral 
weeks, than thofe of the lower country ; and the frofts 
are more fevere. 

Black seed cotton, is that which is grown in the lower 
country, and on the fea iilands ; producing a fine white 
cotton, of iilky appearance; very ftrong, and of good 
ftaple. The mode of culture is the fame with all thefe 
fpecies ; and rich high land, is the foil, on which they 
are generally planted. In the middle country, however, 
the high swamp lands, produce the green seed, in great 
abundance ; and fome tide lands and fait water marines 
(after being reclaimed) in the lower country, have alfo 
made excellent crops of this valuable article. 

R This 

' The opinion that I combat, was the canfe of an order being fent from Europe^ 
' a few years ago, to dye the pieces of ham-King of a deeper colour, becaufe of 
' late they were grown paler. The true reafon of that change is not known; 

* it was as foilows: 

* Shortly after the Americans began to trade with China, the demand increat- 
' ed to nearly double the quantity, it was poflible to fumifh. To fupply this 
4 deficiency, the manufacturers mixed common white cotton with the brown ; 

* this gave it a pale cart, which was immediately remarked; and, for this lighter 
' kind, no purchafer Could be found, till the other was exhaufted. 

* As the confumption is grown lefs, during the lafi three years, the mixture of 

* cotton is no longer necefiary ; and Nam-King is become what it was before. 

* By keeping them two or three years, it even appears that they have the pro- 

* perty of growing darker. This kind of fluff, muft be acknowledged to be the 
' flroageft yet known. Many perfons have found, thnt clothes made of it, will 
' laft three or four yea r s, although forever in the wfh. This it is, that makes 

* them the favorite wear for breeches and w.iiflcoats, both in Europe and 
' America. The white Nam-King is of the tame qua ity, and is made oi white 
' cotton, as good as the brown, and which alfo grows in Kiang-Nam," 

Van Braam's Chinese Embassy } Vol. II. Page 140. 



«3 C 



A WVIE OF 



This plant is raifed from the feed, and is managed 
in nearly the following manner. About the latter end 
of March, or beginning of April, commences the fea- 
fon for planting cotton. In ftrong foils the land is bro- 
ken up with ploughs, and the cotton is fown in drills, 
about five feet from each other, and at the rate of nearly 
a bufhel of feed to the acre; after which, when the cot- 
ton is a few leaves high, the dirt is thrown up in a ridge 
to the cotton, on each fide, by a plough, with a mould 
board adapted to that purpofe. Or, in the firit in- 
ftance, beds are made rather low and flat, and the. cot- 
ton is fown therein. By fome they are fown in holes, 
at about ten inches diftance; but the more general 
practice is to fow the cotton in a drill, along the length 
of the bed; after which it may be thinned at leifure 
according to its growth. In rich high land foils, not 
more than fifieen of thefe beds are made in a quarter 
of an acre; but in inferior lands, twenty one beds are 
made in the fame fpace of ground. When the plants 
are about four or fix leaves high, they require a thin- 
ning ; at which time, only a very few plants are left at 
each diftance, where it is intended the cotton is to grow: 
and from time to time thefe plants are thinned, until at 
length two plants, or only one, are left at each diftance. 
Where the land is not rich, the plants remain within ten 
or twelve inches of each other; but when a luxuriant 
growth is induced, they are thinned to eighteen inches, 
and two feet; and in rich fwamp lands, to four feet dif- 
tance in the rows. At the time of thinning alfo, the firft 
hoeing is generally given; and the rule is, not to dsaw 
the earth down, but conftantly to draw up a little earth, 
at each hoeing, to the plant; and to give the fields a hoe- 
ing every two or three weeks. With fome planters, 
the pra&ice of topping the main flalk has been ufed, 
when the plants are too luxuriant; but the plant throw- 
ing out confequently an abundance of fuckers, and 
thereby encreafmg the toil of the negroes to pull them 

away. 



SOUTH CAROLINA 



*3* 



away, has induced its difcontinuance. Towards the 
middle of September, however, it may be advantageous 
to top the cotton to the loweit blo'ffoms ; as from that 
time no bloffbms will produce cotton. By this treat- 
ment, alfo, the fun has a greater influence on the plant, 
the pods fooner open, and the ftrength of the plant is 
not drawn unneceffanly from thofe pods, which are 
likely to come to maturity. 

At the firft hoeing, the grafs is carefully picked from 
amonglt the plants ; and a little earth is drawn around 
them. The fecond hoeing is alfo done in 'he fame man- 
ner, and thofe fucceeding; with this addition, that at 
every hoeing, the beds are drawn up more and more into 
an angular ridge, for the purpofe of better throwing off 
the autumnal rains from the roots of the cotton. Some 
cotton planters plant Indian corn at the interferons of 
every twenty-four feet, throughout their cotton field; 
and by this mode nearly make their proviiions. But 
whether both the cotton and the corn, would not do 
better by themfelves, is for experience to determine. 
Towards the middle of June, the plants begin to put 
forth their beautiful bloffoms ; and continue bloifomin^ 
and forming the pods, until the frofls fet in; at which 
time, all the pods which are not well grown, are injur- 
ed and deftroyed. Early in Auguft, the harveit of 
cotton begins, on the fea iflands; and in September, it 
is general throughout the ftate, continuing until De- 
cember. The cotton wool is contained in the pod in 
three or four different compartments ; which, buriiing, 
when ripe, prefents the cotton full blown to the light, 
furrounding its feeds. In fmall bags of oznaburss. 
which are flung over the negroes (boulders for the pur- 
pofe, the cotton is then picked from the pods ; and is 
carried home to the cotton houfe. From whence, for 
one or two days thereafter, it is taken out and fpread to 
dry on a platform, adjacent to the houfe, for that pur- 
pofe; after which it is ready for gin.iing. For this 

R 2 purpofe, 



j 3 s A VIEW OF 

purpofe, a fuitable houfe is neceffary ; fufficiently large 
to receive both the cured cotton, and that which has 
been lately brought in. To the upper part of this 
houfe, the fcaffold is generally connected; for the 
greater convenience of taking the cotton from the up- 
per part of the houfe to dry, and of returning it therein. 
When the cotton is well opened, a negro will gather 60 
or yolbs of cotton in the feed in a day. The produce 
of cotton is various, according to its different fixa- 
tions and kinds. In the lower country, the black 
feed ranges between one hundred and three hundred 
pounds weight, of clean cotton, to the acre. In the 
iruddle and upper country, green feed does the like. 
"Upon indifferent lands, only from fixty to one hundred 
-weight of clean cotton is made to the acre ; on better 
lands, from one hundred to two hundred pounds weight 
are produced ; and on the beft lands, with happy feafons, 
three hundred weight of clean black feed cotton has 
been made in Beaufort diftricl to the acre. This, how- 
ever, is rarely done ; and the planter is fatisfied with 
from 150 to 20olbs. of clean black feed cotton to 
the acre. The green feed planter expecls fomewhat 
more. 

The cotton, thus picked and brought in, is next to be 
ginned; for which purpofe a fuitable houfe is neceflary. 
And various kinds of gins are ufed for extricating this 
valuable ftaple from its feed. Thofe at prefent in ufe, 
are foot gins, Evees'sgins, barrel gins, and saw gins. 

Foot gins are worked with cranks, by a foot board, 
cr treadle, almoft refembling a turner's lathe. They 
are compofed of two fmall rollers, about three-fourths of 
an inch diameter, which by pullies are made to turn con- 
trary ways. To each of thefe gins a negro is placed, with 
cotton for ginning ; this he conftantly applies to the 
rollers on the hde next to him, which, by their motion, 
draw the cotton from the feed. It then falls into a bag, 
and the ieed is difcharged on the ground. With one 

of 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 133 

of thefe gins, a negro will gin from twenty to twenty- 
five pounds of clean black feed cotton in a day 5 and 
can clean out about looolbs of clean cotton, during 
the feafon. 

Evees's gins, work fimilar rollers, with additional 
mechanifm j conhiting of iron teech an i pullies, by 
which the mill, wirh a little affiitance, feeds itfelf. Tnefe 
mills are worked by horfes and oxen, or by wat.T. They 
were, fome time pail, introduced into Beaufort diitricl; 
but not anfwering the expectations which had been for- 
med of them, they are but little ufed. 

Barrel gins are either worked by oxen or water; and 
may be faid to be nothing more than foot gins, to which 
greater power is applied, by complicated mechanifm. 
This conlifts of a large driving cog-wheel, working a 
fmall trundle wheel. This fmaller wheel, gives mo- 
tion to a large cylinder, or barrel, round which, from 
eight to twenty-four fets of bands are paffed, com- 
municating with the pullies of as many cotton gins; 
which are fixed in rows on each fide of it. A negro is 
ftationed at each of thefe gins, to feed it with cotton; 
befides one who fuperintends the whole ; and the larger 
kind of thefe mills, will gin out from 6 to 800 weight 
of clean cotton in a day. 

The saw gins are ufed particularly for extra£ling the 
cotton from the green seed to which it clofely adheres. 
This mill is worked either by oxen or water. And con- 
fifts of an horizontal cog-wheel, or a water-wheel, 
working a band which puts the pullies of the faw mill in 
mo; ion. One of thefe pullies turns a cylinder, round 
which is affixed from twenty to forty circular iron plates, 
about three-fourths of an inch diftant from each other, 
ferratedat the edge; which continually revolve between 
iron ftraps,'into the compartment where the cotton is pla- 
ced; and thus tear the cotton from the feeds, as the fpace 
through which they revolve, is not furficiently large to 
let the feeds pafs through. Another pully moves a cy- 
linder 



i H A VIEW OF 

linder with a fet of brumes oppofite each faw : which 
takes the clean cotton from the teeth of the faw, and 
difcharge it from the gin. One perfon, befides the 
packer*., and thofe who drive the oxen, is fufficient for 
attending this gin; and the cotton cleaned by it daily, 
may be from fix to nine hundred weight. 

After the cotton be thus ginned, by thefe different 
machines, a number of hands are employed in pic- 
king from it any dirt, or bits of feed, which 
may remain in it : it is then packed up in bags, weigh- 
ing from 250 to 30olbs. and is ready for market. 
As the nicety of its preparation, more than its bulk, 
is the object with manufacturers, it is well worth 
the planter's attention, to be careful in having it gather- 
ed clean from the field; and otherwife cleanfed from all 
train, broken feeds, and ftained wool, which may re- 
main after its having paffed through the gin. Cotton 
prepared in this way, will affurely command a ready 
and good price • as, in the extenfive fpinning machines 
which are eftablifhed in Europe, the fmalleft particle of 
train or feed, breaks the thread, and interrupts the pro- 
grefs of the manufacture. 

Such is the growth of cotton, in South- Carolina ; and 
the mode of preparing it for market. But, it is not all 
of the fame intrinfic value, as that raifed on lands ad- 
jacent to the fea and fait water, called island or sea 
shore cotton, being black seed, is preferred to the green 
s.eed cotton, which is raifed in the interior of the country. 
Mr. Edwards, in his hiftory of the Weft-Indies, fays, 
* 4 the fineft grained and mod perfectly cleaned cotton, 
" which is brought to the Englifh market, is, I believe, 
se that of the Dutch plantations of Berbice, Demarara 
ee and Surinam, and of the ifland of Cayenne;" and that 
in 1780, cotton wool, of all kinds, found a ready fale, at 
the following prices ; 

Berbice 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. i S ^ 

s. d. 
Berbice, 2 1 

Demarara, - - - - 1 11 to 25. id, 
Surinam, - - - -20 
Cayenne, - - - -20 

St. Domingo, - - - 1 10 
Tobago, - - - - 1 9 

Jamaica, - 1 7 

Since which time, he fays, the prices have varied; but 
the relative value, has continued nearly the fame; and 
the difference between Berbice and Jamaica cotton has 
been from 25 to 30 per cent, in favor of the former. 
The planter, in Carolina, fells his cotton to the merchant, 
at lead, for one {hilling ; and generally not lower than 
one milling and fix-pence the pound. In the year 
1799, good cotton found an immediate fale in Charlelton, 
for two {hillings and four-pence, and two millings and 
eioht-pence fterling, a pound. And, it is faid, that 
what is called ifland, or fea more cotton, is at leaft 
equal in finenefs, and ftrength of ftaple, to that of 
Jamacia; and many are of opinion, it is fuperior ; were 
we to judge by their prefent relative prices, there is no 
reafon to be alhamed of the comparifon. 

Tobacco, is a plant indigenous to America, from 
whence it has been introduced into Europe. In this 
ftate, its cultivation is attended with difadvanta^es, 
partially retarding its encreafe ; among which, the ex- 
pence and trouble of bringing it to market, is not the 
leaft to be encountered. It is grown, principally in the 
upper country, remote from markets and navigation ; 
where, although the excellence of the land be well 
fuited to its culture, yet no plantations, of large ex- 
tent, for cultivating this plant, have been eftablifhed. 
£ach farmer plants a fmall field : which although fepa- 
rately confidered, cannotproduceany confiderable quan- 
tity of weed ; yet, when collected for exportation, it 
forms a mafs, by no means unworthy the attention of 

foreign 



i 3 6 A VIEW OF 

foreign commerce* In March, a fmall bed is fown with 
the feeds; which in a week, or two, fhoots up young 
plants. When thefe are of fufficient ftrength for tranf- 
plantation, holes are dug in a fuitable field of rich high 
land, (previoufly prepared by the plough and harrow 
for that purpofe) at the diftance of three feet afunder; 
and the plant is therein carefully inferted. Hoeing and 
weeding them from grafs, is abfolutely neceffary ; as 
fcarcely any pla^t requires ftronger foils, or fooner im- 
poverifhes them. As the tobacco encreafes in ftrength, 
the earth is drawn up to its roots ; and it is carefully pick- 
ed of worms and cate pillars, which are peculiarly de- 
ftructive to it. During their growth they are occasionally 
topped, to make the leaves longer and thicker ; this 
however ; promotes fuckers, which muft be pulled off": 
and hence topping mould be ufed with prudence, and 
rather late in the feafpn. When the tobacco is ripe, it 
is cut clofe to the ground, and is thence carried to the 
curing houfe; which, generally being made of logs, is 
well ventilated. The ftalks, with the leaves adhering to 
them, are here hung up in pairs, on poles placed para- 
lel to each other, along the building; leaving a fuffici- 
ent fpace between them, that the plants may not touch 
each other. They thus remain, to fweat and dry in the 
made; and when fuflficiently fo, the leaves are {flipped 
from the ftalks ; and are claffed according to their ref- 
peclive goodnefs. They are then tied in fmall bundles, 
with one of the leaves, and remain thus in fmall heaps, 
until perfectly aired. After which, they are prefled 
into hogfheads, made of oak, containing from 1200 to 
1600 lbs. weight; and being duly in fpefted at the dif- 
ferent tobacco infpeclion houfes appointed for. that 
purpofe, throughout the ftate, the tobacco is then ready 
for exportation to foreign markets. 

Maize, or Indian corn? is alfo an article much culti- 
vated in South-Carolina, both for home confumption, 
and exportation ; it is either indigenous to America, or 

with 



SOUTH-CAROLINA itf 

with fome accident was obtained by the Indians, long 
before the difcovery of this continent. It confifts of 
feveral varieties, of which the gourd and flint corn 9 
are principally planted. The difference betwixt thefe 
kinds of corn, are, that the gourd is flowery, and 
waftes much in the grinding ; whereas the flint is more 
hard and nourishing, and grinds more into grift. An- 
other peculiarity ^ which marks their difference, is that the 
flint corn grows principally in the lower country, dege- 
nerating in the middle and upper country into gourd 
corn ; and the gourd corn, if brought from the middle 
and upper country, is faid to change into a more flinty 
kind. Their growth, and cultivation, is without any dif- 
ference, and is conducted in the following manner : 

If, with the plough, a furrow is run acrofs the field at /) 
every five feet, interfered by others, at right angles; 
and corn is fown at the interferons : If with the hoe 
the land is drawn up into beds, at the fame diftance; 
and the corn is planted along the bed in holes at every 
four or five feet. Towards the latter end of March 
the crop is thus planted, by throwing five or fix grains 
of corn into each hole; and when it has grown a few 
inches high, (if ploughs be ufed,) the land is plough- 
ed between the intervals, and fome of the dirt is thrown 
by the mould board towards the corn ; but if it be tend- 
ed by the hoe, it does not require fo early a dreliing. 
After a fhort time, the corn is thinned to only two or 
three plants in each hole ; and cow peafe are planted 
adjacent to the corn plants. As it proceeds in growth,; 
flickering ftalks are produced from the root, which are 
taken away ; and the earth is drawn up, around the 
corn. In June, it fends out fpikes or ears, on which, 
the grains of com are nouriihed and matured ; and 
thefe are covered from the weather by a hufky fub- 
ftance furrounding them. In September the ears are 
gathered from the field, and put into corn houfes ; from 
whence they are afterwards taken, and feparated from 

S the- 



3a 8 A VIEW OF 

-the fpike or cob 3 by beating them in mortars, or erib% 
■with hand peftles. Or where the crops are very large, 
the corn is rhrefhed with (ticks or flails on a rail fcaffold, 
through which the grains of corn fall to the ground, 
and are afterwards winnowed, and made ready for fale. 
lti ftrong dry lands, with a little attention, the corn 
will come to much perfection; and will produce from 
thirty to fifty, and fometimes as far as hxty or feventy 
bufhels the acre; together with an abundant crop of 
peafe or punopions, which, du ing the fummer, had been 
planted amongft it. But fuch encreafe is only fpoken 
of, as relating to the high river fwamp lands in the mid- 
dle parts of the Hate. In the lower country, when it is 
planted lblely for provifions, the encreafe is not fo 
much; ranging from ten to ■ thirty bufhels each acre. 
Before the leaves, or blades of the corn, be dry, they arc 
ftripped from the {talks, as foon as the ear of corn be 
well filled, and are cured like hay: thereby furnifhing 
a molt nouriihing and grateful fod-'er for horfes and 
cattle. The corn hulks alio, and the tops of the corn 
ftalks, are generally preferved in the upper country for 
winters use. 



A Table shewing the quantities of Indian corn, which ha<ve been exported 
from this state, ut different periods. 

1753 Indian corn - 16,428 bufhels* 

1739 do. and peafe - 20^165 

from December 1761, 1 T •,• 

, ' r r Indian corn 23.104 

to September 1702,3 °- ^ 

1782 - 6,645 

1783 - - - - . - 14,080 
1792 ----- 99,985 

Some hemp is grown, in the upper country, for fale, 
particularly in the Dutch fork, between Broad and 
Saluda rivers. Flax alio is grown, but only for the 
domeftic ufes of families; as are generally all kinds of 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 139 

Ikali European grains. Wheat, however, in parts ad- 
jacent to good flour mills, is an exception to this af- 
iertion ; for where'er the rrtiUs are iituated, a great en- 
couragement is given to the growth of this valuable 
grain. Hence the ereduon of ibrae of thefe mills at 
Camden; in Laurens cliftriB. on the waters of Little 
river; and at Greenville On the waters of Reeoy uver; 
have evidently promoted the railing of wheat in thofe 
parts of the ftate. 

The produce of wheat, generally in the upper country, 
where almoft every one cu'tivates a little for domeltic 
ufe, is about fifteen bumwls the acre. But, where the 
ground is put in good tilth, by two or more ploughing, 
and afterwards the wheat is ploughed in, (which is done 
by a few of the befl farmers,) the pronuc.e is fiom 
twenty to twenty five bufhels the acre. A flovenly 
practice, too much prevails, of fowing the wheat over 
the corn fields, after the corn be gathered in; without 
having given it any preparation whaifoever; the only 
tillage, perhaps, which it receives, 'is that the feed after 
being fown, is ploughed into the land. And fuch is the 
excellence of the foil, that even in this manner, the 
produce is from twelve to fifteen bufhels the acre. 
The reafon, which the farmers give for not felting thofe 
wheat crops in a better manner, is, that in this way, they 
make with eafe, and with little attendance, as mu<h 
wheat as their houfehold concerns require ; that to 
make more, would be unneceifary for them ; as they 
cannot, conveniently, waggon fo bulky an article any 
diftance for fale. This gives additional weight to the 
endeavours, which are fo laudably ufed by our legifk- 
ture, for opening the inland navigation of this Hate. 
Endeavours, which the people viewed with exuhation: 
and which it is hoped, will never ceafe to be made; 
fo long as water courfes in the ftate are obftrutted ; or 
induftry is thus difcouraged, from enlarging the 
fphere of agricultural plenty and happinefs. 

S a Excellent 



»4^ 



A VIEW Of 



Excellent filk has been raifed in this ftate ; but ea- 
fier modes of making money prefented themfelves, 
and with other caufes, led to its discontinuance. As 
early as the year 1757, one thpufand and fifty two 
pounds of raw lilk balls, were received at the filature 
in Georgia ; and the next year feven thoufandand for- 
ty pounds were made. And in 1759? confiderably a- 
bove ten ihoufand pounds weight of raw filk, were re- 
ceived at Savannah.* The greater part of this filk, was 
probably made in South-Carolina,at or nearPurryfburg ; 
where a colony of Swifs were eftablifhed, for the pur- 
pole of cultivating filk and vine-yards. Not only from 
thefe trials, but from the natural productions of the 
country, nature feems to have well adapted it to the 
raifing of filk. Mulberry trees, are amongft the Spon- 
taneous growth of its lands ; and native filk worms, pro- 
ducing well formed cocoons, are often found in the 
woods; from which filk of good texture, might ap- 
parently be obtained. In the year 1787, experiments 
for making filk, were made by Mr. W. H. Van Haf- 
felt of Holland, on lands adjacent to Aihley river. 
He had fome difficulties in obtaining the feed of the 
filk worms ; which he at laft was obliged to do, of a 
degenerated kind, from Purryfburg. But, notwith- 
ftanding thefe difficulties, he was fatisfied with the fuc- 
pefs of his endeavours ; and, in a written communication, 
which he made to the agricultural fociety of this flate, 
accompanied by fome of his filk, he fays, " I will ven- 
? s ture to fay, that in whatever market in the worlds this 
st fhall be expofed ; it will be claffed among thofe of 
" the fineft quality." 

The implements of hufbandry, ufed in Carolina, are 

few and fimple. They confift of various ploughs, fuch as 

bar-mare, fliovel, fluke, fingle coulter, cutter, and drill; 

farrows, hoes, and fpades; waggons, carts, and (ledges. 

Ploughs, are for the mod part 3 ufed in the middle 

and 

t Anderson on Commerce* 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 141 

tnd upper country; where labourers are lefs, and the 
foil more tenacious and ftubborn. In the lower coun- 
try, they are but partially ufed; although the planters 
would probably find it their intereft to adopt them more 
generally. In fome cafes, they tend a cotton and In- 
dian corn crop, by the plough ; but it is more frequently 
done with the hoe ; which may be faid to be the princi- 
pal inftrument of hufbandry in the lower country. And 
inftead of having machines for cutting ditches, the fpade 
is applied folely to that purpofe. By thefe, the rice 
lands are drained; and, by the hoes, they are cultivated. 
In fome tide and inland plantations, however, where the 
grounds are ftrong, and have been kept fufficiently dry, 
ploughs, both bar-{hare and drill, are ufed with great 
advantage. 

Waggons and fledges, are principally of the middle 
and upper country; the fir ft, for tranfporting heavy ar^ 
tides to a diftance; and the lad for drawing wood, 
rails, and fmall timber, about a feitlement. The wag- 
gons carry a load of from two to three tons; their 
wheels are narrow; and they are drawn by four or fix 
horfes. Thefe carriages bring the greater part of the 
upper country produce to market; and fifteen or twenty 
of them are often feen, following each other in the fame 
track. Hence, where the roads are clayey, in wet wea- 
ther, they are cut into deep ruts ; and are fometimes ren- 
dered almoft impaffable. It would be a public good, if 
this inconvenience could be remedied by a legiflative 
interdiction of the narrow wheels ; and the ufe of wider 
ones be directed. But, the practice which now prevails 
in this refpett, has been fo long perfifled in ; that to at- 
tempt it, would be, perhaps, an hopelefs undertaking. 

In the lower country, ox carts, capable of carrying 
three or four barrels of rice, are, almoft, folely the mode 
of land tranfportation for the rice planters. Thefe are 
ufed, in carting coopers ftuff, rails, and timber for 
plantation ufe. And 3 where the fettlements are inland, 

they 



nt A VIEW OP 

they alfocart the rice to a landing; which, in fome in- 
fiances, is at a diftance of ten or twelve miles. In this 
cafe, an ox cart generally makes one trip a day, drawn 
by three or four yoke of oxen ; and attended by two or 
three negro drivers. The wheels of thefe carts, are of 
large dimenfions • and their rim?, are from four to fix 
inches wide ; confequently they do not cut fo deep in* 
to the roads, as the waggons of the upper count; y. 

From the natural graffes before mentioned, in the 
botanical catalogue of this work, fome idea may be 
formed of the pall urage of South-Carolina. This, al- 
though not comparable to more temperate latitudes, is 9 
neverthelefs, abundantly fupporting to horfes and cattle 
throughout the fummer; and, except among the fand 
hills, nature fpreads around a profufion of verdure. 
In general, the operations of the fcythe, give way to 
other purfuits ; while flocks and herds graze pafture 
grounds, which have never been regularly laid down 
for pafiurage ; but neverthelefs originate many fpecies 
of good grafs; of which the crop grass or crab grass 
(Syntherifma) is preferred; as making a fweet and nou- 
rifhing hay. 

Some lands, however, are laid down for mowing, 
particularly in the vicinity of Charlefton ; where the 
high price of hay, renders this branch of agriculture, a 
profitable bufinefs. And in the upper country, where 
the winters are fevere, neceflity obliges the farmers to 
fcufband all their fodder for their cattle ; even to the 
corn hufks, and tops of the corn ftalks. This has di- 
rected their attention, fomewhat to mowing, on a fmall 
fcale. Some pleafant meadow grounds, are hence feen 
in the upper country ; particularly, in the diftncls of 
York, Lancafter, and Chefter. In York diilrift, Co- 
lonel Hill pofleffes a meadow of from fixteen to twenty 
acres ; where, befides other good graffes, he finds red 
clover aniwering very well. This meadow, is part of a 
beautiful intervale of rich land, on each fide of Allifons 

creek : 



SOUTH-C ^ROLIN A . 1 4 g 

treek; the whole of which, to the extent of eighty or 
one hundred acres, might be turned into meadow. Its 
produce is abundant. The fummer of 1801 was, in 
that part of the Rate, remarkably dry ; notwithstanding 
which, in two cuttings, eighty waggon loads of good 
hay, at about i2oolbs. weight the load, were made from 
the above cultivated meadow. 

Betides different graffes, the leaves or blades of our 
Indian corn, which are about three feet long, and three 
or four inches wide at the bafe of the blade, are always 
cured for fodder; affording an extremely nourifhing 
and grateful food. Nor is the rice draw, or rice flour, 
without their ufe. They afford nouriihing fupport to 
horfes and cattle in the lower country, throughout the 
winter; both in {tables, and feeding cribbs, difperfed 
over the corn and potatoe fields. In this laft way 
fome of the high lands are manured; and a part of the 
ftraw is alfo ftrewn over them, occafionally, for that 
purpofe. »i 

I have now finiQied my obfervations, refpe&ing the 
agriculture of this ftate; perhaps with lefs fatisfaclion, 
to the reader, than I could wiih. Let it be remember- 
ed, however, that much difficulty arifes in obtaining 
adequate information on thefe fubjefts. Planters and 
farmers are backward in giving themfelves the trouble, 
to note down particulars in hufbandry ; and the Agri- 
cultural Society of this ftate, has done little towards the 
promotion of this ufeful knowledge. Hence much is 
left to the exertions of an individual ; who endeavours 
to colled them into any one point. How far this 
work may be fuccefsful, is not for me to determine. 
But not being confcious of introducing any erroneous 
information, or of withholding any, which either by 
reading, enquiries, or perfonal travelling over almoft 
every part of this ftate, could be brought forward : I 
truft to trie candor of public opinion, and to the liberal 
criticifm of my fellow citizens. Who ; could they be 

perfuadcd 



S44 A VIEW OF 

perfuaded to give the refult of their obfervations, would 
add, no doubt, greatly to the mafs of agricultural know- 
ledge ; an acquifition, particularly defirable, to the 
ftate of South-Carolina. 

In the purfuits of agriculture, flaves were introduced 
into this ftate ; and importations from Africa foon fup-i 
plied the planter with as many negroes, as he was able 
to purchafe. This gave a rapid encreafe to the fettle- 
ment and riches of the lower country ; when, otherwife, its 
richeft lands would not have been worth the cultivating. 
'They, confequently, became a veiled property in their 
refpeftive owners, by the laws of the land ; and how- 
ever paradoxical it may appear, their owners, on ob* 
taining their independence, and a right by the conftitu- 
tion and government of this ftate, and thefe United 
States, thence flowing, to be protected in their persons 
and property, had an indefeafible right in them ; without 
the reach of laws to alter, unlefs by their own confent, 
orby fuitablecompenfation. Notwithstanding, however, 
this barrier, which has been, and will continue to be 
placed againft any innovations refpecling this property; 
many are the efforts, which are not only tried individual, 
ly, but collectively, to weaken this right of property; 
and, ultimately, to change its very nature. The impro- 
priety appears greater ; as thefe attemps flow, not from 
our own citizens, for they know their rights and inter* 
ests better; but from those of the Northern States ; who 
are lefs acquainted with them. With as much 
propriety might we requeft them to difmifs their 
horfes from the plough ; as for us to difmifs thefe people 
from labour. For in both cafes, lands of excellent 
quality, which are cultivated by them, would revert to 
a ftate of nature. And with the fame reafon might they 
be afked to give the money out of their pockets, in or- 
der to equalize the fituation of every perfon ; as 
the people of the fouthern ftates be requefted to make 
changes in this property, which would materially affect 

the 



SOUTH CAROLINA i 45 

fortunes they pofTefs. And notwithftanding this impro- 
priety, focieties have intruded fo far, as to fend addreiTes 
to the difFeient branches of our legillature; recommend- 
ing certain modes, which they deem moft eligible for us 
to purfue in this refpect; and all this for the good of 
the whole family of mankind ! The reception which 
thefe addreiTes have met with, renders any further com- 
ment on them unneceffary. This much, however, may 
be faid; that, if it be an evil, it will fooner, or later, ef- 
fect its own cure; and if it be a fin, it is the happinefs 
of those who are not engaged in it, to be fafe from any of 
its future calamities. 

Should we for a moment enquire, what is the fitua- 
tion of negroes in Africa; we fhall find them generally 
in a Mate of flavery ; liable to be fold for the luxury of 
their princes, or, as following the chances of war. Some 
few are ftolen from their parents, and others are taken 
by deception and fraud. But the great mafs, which 
have been brought to South-Carolina, only exchang- 
ed one flavery for another; and that too, with many 
advantages in favor of their prefent fituation in this 
country. There, they are fubject to the uncontrouled 
pleafure of princes ; and are fometimes even ilaugbter- 
ed for the ceremonies of their funerals. Neither life or 
property is fecurcd to them. But force, oppreffion, and 
injuftice, are the great engines of their government. 
Here, laws are paiTed for their fecurity and protection. 
They are worked by certain talks, which are not unrea- 
fonable; and when they are diligent in performing them, 
they have fome hours of the day to themfelves. Hence 
they are encouraged to plant for their own emolument; 
raife poultry for their own ufe, or for fale; and are 
protected in the property which they thus acquire. With 
good mailers, they are happy and contented; and in- 
ftances are known, where they have declined an offered 
freedom. It is prohibited by law to work them more 
than certain hours of the day, during different portions 

T of 



i 4 6 A VIEW OF 

of the year ; and their owners are liable to a penalty, 
if they do not feed and clothe them in a fuitable man- 
ner. Should they treat them cruelly, they are amena- 
ble to a court of juftice for the fame. If a Have be 
killed in the heat of paffion, fifty pounds fterling is for- 
feited to the ftate : and if willfully murdered, one hun- 
dred pounds fterling is forfeited in like manner by the per- 
fon offending, and he is rendered forever incapable of 
holding, exercifmg, enjoying, or receiving the profits of 
any office, place, or emolument, civil or military, within 
this ftate. And in cafe fuch perfon fhall not be able to 
pay the faid penalty, or forfeiture, he is liable to be fent 
to any frontier garrifon of the ftate ; or to be commit- 
ted to prifon, or a work-houfe, for feven years; and dur- 
ing that time be kept at hard labour. Their importa- 
tion has been prohibited fince the year 1788; not, 
however, without ftruggles in our legislature, refpecling 
it. But, neverthelefs, numbers of them have been in- 
troduced into this ftate, both by land and water ; and 
that fmuggling, which Mr. Edwards, m his hiftory of 
the Weft Indies fagacioufly predicted would happen in 
fuch cafe, has actually taken place in a great degree.* 
What the different importations of negroes, into this 
ftate, from time to time, may be, is not in my power to 
relate. But the cenfus which was taken of the popula- 
tion of this ftate in 1801, by direction of the federal go- 
vernment, gives us the number of them, about that time, 
amounting to 146,151; fince which period, their num- 
bers have no doubt encreafed, as well by births, as by 
fmuggling. 

Had not this agricultural ftrength been furnifhed 
South-Carolina, it is probable, in the fcale of commerce 
and importance, fhe would have been numbered among 
the leaft refpecrable ftates of the union. At this mo- 
ment, the extenfive rice fields which are covered with 

grain, 

* See Edwards's History of the. West-Indies, 4to, vol. II. pages 115, ll6\ 
And alfo page 503, et feq. of the appendix of the fame volume. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 147 

grain, would prefent nothing but deep fwamps, and 
dreary forefts; inhabited by panthers, bears, wolves, and 
other wild beafts. Hence, the belt, lands of this ftate, 
would have been rendered ufelefs ; while the pine lands, 
from th^ir barren natures, although they might maintain 
the farmer, would have done little towards railing the 
ftate to its prefent importance. At its firft fettlemenf, 
the fertile lands in the upper country were not known ; 
or if they were, furrounded by Indian nations, they 
offered no retreat to the calm exertions of the farmer; 
where wars interrupted navigation, and unopened roads, 
would arreft from him the profits of his induftry. But, 
ihould it be aiked, why the fwamps and low lands in 
the lower country, cannot be cultivated by whites, and 
without the labour of negroes ? I would anfwer, thefe 
fituations are particularly unhealthy, and unfuitable to 
the constitutions of white perfons ; whilft that of a ne- 
gro, is perfectly adapted to its cultivation. He can 
uncovered, (land the fun's meredian heat; and labour 
his appointed time, expofed to the continual (learn, 
which arifes from the rice grounds; whilll a white per-" 
fon could barely fupport himfelf under the (hade, fur- 
rounded by fuch a relaxing atmofphere. He can work 
for hours in mud and water, (which he is obliged to 
do in the rice culture, in ditching and draining,) with- 
out injury to himfelf; whilit to a white this kind of la- 
bour would be almolt certain death. Should thefe ob- 
fervations be founded on fa8:, (which it is believed they 
are) they fufficiently juftify the prefent condition of 
this ftate, in the kind of property to which we immedi- 
ately refer. And, while we lament the iniquitous paf- 
iions, which originally introduced flavery into this ftate; 
it is with fatisfaclion we can affert, that their condition 
is far ameliorated to what it formerly was. They have 
their houfes, their gardens, their fields, their dances, 
their holydays, and their feafts. And, as far as is con- 
fident with our government, they enjoy privileges and 

T 2 protections. 



j- 4 8 A VIEW OF 

protections, in fome cafes, fuperior to the poor whites 
of many nations; and in others equal to the mildefl 
•flavery in any part of the world. It may be faid, this 
is fliil flavery. True. But, as was obferved, it is pre- 
ferable to the condition of the pea fan try of fome coun- 
tries. How many tra&s of land are there on this globe, 
whofe inhabitants cannot boaft as much good ? How 
many thoufands are there, who labor from morning un- 
til night, and from feafon to feafon s for at belt a beg- 
garly fubfiftence ; whofe tenure depends on the will of 
a prince, at once mailer of their fortunes, and of their 
liberties? With them, the father may in vain attempt to 
raife up his fon for his fupport and comfort; but when 
the time arrives, and with encreafmg years, he comes 
to ufeful manhood ; he is torn from the prefence of his 
parents, and the endearments of his relations; to fwell 
the pageantry of a court — or to confound the liberties 
of his country. 

This is what may be ken on the theatre of human 
life; continually chequered with good and evil, happi- 
i\e{'s and mifery. The philanthropift may feek per- 
fection and happinefs among the human race; but he 
will never find it complete. The philofopher may plan 
new laws, and new fyftems of government; which prac- 
tice too often declares but the effervefcence of fancy, 
and unequal to the end propofed. Nature, governed 
by unerring laws, which command the oak to be ftrong- 
er than the willow, and the cyprefs to be taller than the 
ihrub ;* has at the fame time impofed on mankind cer- 
tain reftriclions, which can never be overcome. She has 

made 

* Prefumptuous Man ! the reafon would'ft thou find, 
Why form'd fo weak, fo little, and fo blind ? 
Firft, if thou canfl, the harder reafon guefs, 
Why form'd no weaker, blinder, and no lefs ? 
Afk of thy mother Earth, why oaks are made 
Taller and ftronger, than the weeds they fhade ? 
Or afk of yonder argent fields above, 
Why Jove's fatellites are lefs than Jove ? 

Pope's Essay on Man. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. H9 

made fome to be poor, and others to be rich; fome 
to be happy, and others to be miferanle ; fome to be 
flaves, and others to be free. The fubjects, or people, 
on which thefe principles are enforced, may be changed, 
by induftry, intrigues, factions, or revolutions; but the 
principles can never be altered; they will lhew them- 
felves again, with the fame force on new fubjects; un- 
changeable in their natures, and conftant in their effects. 
So woods may be cut down, and the lands on which 
they grew may be made to produce grains, which nature 
never planted there. But, withhold the hand of culti- 
vation ; and nature immediately caufes weeds and plants 
to fpring up again ; and, in courfe of time, covers them 
wilh her dark retreats, and ftately forefls. 

Manufactures . 

Where agriculture is fo much attended to in Carolina, 
and the means of engaging in it are fo eafy, it is not fur- 
prifing that few' direct their attention to manufactures. 

Much land is fiill unfettled within the flate ; and eafy 
opportunities prefent themfelves, of entering into the 
planting, or farming bufinels, on advantageous terms ; 
both to mind and fortune. Hence, few have been the 
attempts towards manufacturing fyilems; and of thefe 
few, lefs have fucceeded 

Some years ago, a cotton manufactory was eflablifhed 
by Mr. Benjamin Waring, near Statefborough ; which 
bid fair to rife into confideration. Its carding and fpin- 
ing machines were of extenfive powers ; and fome ex- 
cellent corduroys, and other Manchefter cotton fluffs, 
were fpun and woven at this manufactory. It was, 
however, foon perceived, that the price of labour was too 
great, to permit its goods to ftand any competition with 
thofe of fimilar qualities, which were imported from 
Great Britain. And this, with a want of public patron- 
age, led to its being difcontinued. Indeed, fo far as 
relates to manufactures in general, the inhabitants of this 

ftate 



j 5 o A VIEW OF 

ftate find it more convenient to import them from fo- 
reign countries, than to produce them by their own 
labour; which they believe can be otherwife more 
independently and profitably bellowed, Thick popu- 
lation, and a want of lands, muft firft be incidental to 
a country, before her inhabitants will refort to this 
mode of fupporting themfelves, while a more eligible 
one exifts. Hence, where the population of the ftate 
is convenient to commerce, the manufacturing bufi- 
nefs is not at all entered into ; importations from a- 
broad, fupplying all necefiary wants. But, as tranf- 
portations is more difficult to, and from, the mid- 
dle and upper country ; fo neceOity has, in a propor- 
tionate degree, compelled the inhabitants to provide 
for their refpective wants. And thus a domeftic fpirit 
of manufacturing has arifen, which much prevails in 
thofe parts of the ftate, The traveller there, foon 
becomes accuftomed to the humming mufic of the 
hand fpinning wheel; and the induftry of the loom, 
often meets his eye. Cottons are thus made, both, 
ftriped, figured and plain, of ingenious fabrication ; as 
well for clothes, and the table, as for houfe ufe ; 
woollens alio, of ftrong nature, and decent appearance, 
are woven, and dreffed by fuitable fulling mills; 
coarfe linens, blanketing, woollen bed covers, and 
cotton rugs, are aifo manufactured. With the excep- 
tion of fait and fugar, the people, in the upper parts 
of the ftate, may be confidered independent of foreign 
fupport. ' As their country, and their induftry, fupports 
them, with all the other necefiaries of life, required by 
thofe, whofe wants are not yet excited by refinements 
of luxury. And carpenters, fmiths, mafons, tanners, 
ilioe, boot, and harnefs makers, fadlers, hatters, mill- 
wrights, and all other tradefmen, necefiary for rural 
concerns, are conveniently fituated throughout the 
country. 

In York diftria, Meffrs. Hill & Hayne, poffefs a 

forge, 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. i 5 t 

forge, a furnace, a rolling mill for making fheet iron, 
and a nail manufattury; all of which, are worked by 
the waters of Allifon's creek. 

In Spartanburgh diftricl, worked by the waters of 
middle Tiger River, a fet of iron works on a fmaller 
fcale is fituated, belonging to Meffrs. William & So- 
liman Hill. 

In Greenville diftricl, three fets of iron works are 
fituated. One on the Enoree river, twelve miles from 
Greenville court houfe ; owned by Meffrs. Henry & 
Jofhua Benfon. Another, on Reedy river, about 
eight miles below the court houfe ; owned by Meffrs. 
Alfton Sc Caruth. And a third, on the north fork of 
Saluda river, about twelve miles from the court-houfe, 
towards the mountains, owned by Mr. Elias Earle. 

In Pendleton diftricl, there are two of thefe manu- 
factories. One of them fituated on George's creek, 
about eight miles from Greenville court-houfe, and fix 
miles from Pickenfville; owned by Mr. Jeffe Mur- 
phy. And the other is fituated about eight miles from 
Pendleton court-houfe, on Twenty-fix Mile creek; 
and is now owned by Mr. Robert Tate. 

Of thefe iron works, Hill & Hayne's are by far 
the mod complete and extenfive. They confift of 
a forge of four fires and two hammers, for manufactu- 
ring iron from pig iron; a furnace for melting the iron- 
ore, and making cartings therefrom ; and a rolling 
mill, and nail manufactory. The nail manufadury, 
confifls of two large cutters worked by water, a fmaller 
one worked by hand, and feven iron headers for heading 
fpikes and nails. And the hearth ftones ufed for the works 
are within a mile of them, in great plenty, of a coarfe 
gritty nature, refembling a grind flone ; dreffing eafily, 
and ftanding well the heat of the furnace. At thefe 
mills heavy cannon have been caft; and iron four 
pounders, have lately been made for the ufe of artil- 
lery companies, attached to different infantry regiments 

of 



j 52 A VIEW OF 

of this ftate. Cannon ball is alfo caft there, -when 
ordered. Befides thefe heavy articles, callings, which 
the daily wants of the inhabitants, of that part of the 
ftate require, are made at thefe works; conhfling of, 
chimney backs, gudgeons, cranks, pots, kettles, flat- 
lets, hammers for forges, and boxes for cart and wag- 
gon wheels ; and other callings for machinery are there 
alfo made, agreeably to models and orders delivered. 
The iron ore, is dug from the vicinity of a little moun- 
tain, a mile and an half diftant from the works ; where 
the iron is found in large mafles; and throughout the 
upper country the iron ore is fo productive, that a ton 
of it produces more than 50olbs. weight of good 
metal. Thefe works are not blown by common bel- 
lows; but by a water blaft, which Mr. Hill has much 
fimplified and improved from the original invention, 
and has adapted to the purpofes of the forge. The air 
of this blaft being produced in a particular manner, by 
the fntlion of water, which runs violently down a per- 
pendicular funnel, (inking againft a receiver at the bot- 
tom, is forced to afcend a fpout which is directed to the 
fire at the fame time that the water is difcharged from 
the receiver ; and thus a conflant and fteady blaft is 
produced, fo long as the water is allowed to run. The 
utility, and fnnplicity of this procefs is fuch, that 
it is now almoft the only method ufed; for blowing 
the fires of the forges and bloomaries, of the upper 
country. 

Befides, thefe iron manufa&uries in the upper country, 
an air furnace belonging to Mr. John Jolmfon, has 
lately been erecled about five miles from Charlefton ; 
on a neck of land between Cooper and Afhley rivers. 
It began to work in June, 1802, and has already 
produced various callings of excellent workmanfhip. 
And, from the attention which, it is probable they will 
receive, at this furnace, there is reafon to believe it will 
be of public utility. 

Gunpowder 



SOUTH-CAROLINA 5 53 

Gunpowder is occasionally manufactured in the 
upper country ; not, however, by a regular fet of mills; 
but in a fmall way, and as exigencies may require. In 
general, the inhabitants are fupplied with that article, 
and fait petre, from Tenneflee and Kentucky. 

Several fulling mills are difperfed about the upper 
country. Among which may be mentioned, Thomp- 
fon's on a branch of Cane Creek, in Pendleton di Ariel ; 
one on Allifon's Creek, in York diftritl, about two 
miles above Kill & Hayne's iron works ; one on Fifhing 
Creek, in Chefter diftrict; one on Broad river, a few 
miles below Pinckney-ville ; and one in Greenville 
diftrict, on the waters of Reedy river. 

Of wheat merchant mills, there are three excellent 
ones, worked by the waters of Pine Tree Creek, near 
Camden; built on Eilicott's plan, improved by Evans;* 
and fuppofed equal to any in thefe United States. One 
of thefe, owned by Meffrs. M'Ra and Cantey, boults 
and packs fifty barrels of fuperfine flour per day ; and 
had it another fet of boulting cloths, its grinding is fo 
powerful, that much more might be made in that time. 
On a fmaller fcale, are Wadfworth's mill, on Little ri- 
ver, m Laurens diftrict; and Alflon's mill, on Reedy ri- 
ver, at Greenville court-houfe; manufacturing each 
from twelve to fixteen barrels of flour per day. Befides 
thefe, fmall wheat and <*rirt mills are abundantly fcat- 
tered throughout the middle and upper country ; work- 
ed by the different ftreams of water which courfe along; 
and faw mills are often met with, which the neceflities of 
the inhabitants have originated. Oil mills alfo, for 
making oil from flax and cotton feed, are occaiionally 
feen in different parts of the ftate. 

Three rope walks are eftablifhed within theflate; two 
near Charleilon, and the other near Columbia. This 
lafl manufactures about eighty tons of excellent cord- 

U age 

* See a complete engraving of one of thefe mills, in the IV th. vol, of ther 
Repertory of Arts, page 319. 



i 54 A VlfiW OF 

age rope, and cables, in the courfe of the year; much 
of the hemp, which is there ufed, being raifed in the 
Dutch Fork, and on the lands adjacent to Broad and 
Saluda rivers, in its vicinity. From this manufa&ury, 
the ropes and cables were obtained, for the firft rig- 
ging of the John Adams frigate of thirty two guns, 
built near Charlefton, in the year 1799; a circumftance 
pleafing to all thofe, who protect our freedom, and 
who endeavour to make our wants independent of 
foreign nations. 

Inland Navigation. 

Few countries enjoy more favorable fituations for 
inland navigation, than South-Carolina ; and few, 
considering the time of her exiftence, as a fettlement, 
have received equal encouragement in that refpecr. 
As early as the year 1687, the legiflature of the ftate, 
enacted laws to that effect ; and from that time to this, 
commiffioners have been appointed, and companies in- 
corporated, with a generous hand throughout the ftate. 

From Georgetown to Savannah in Georgia, along 
almoft the whole extent of our fea coaft, the naviga- 
tion may be carried on -inland, in boats of burden ; 
with only fome few exceptions, caufed moflly by bays, 
and founds, which are to be eroded. From the welt- 
ward and fouthward, all the riches of thofe lands, 
which are fituated upon, or near the waters of Savan- 
nah, Keowee, or Tugoloo rivers, may be brought 
down, by opening a canal between the waters of Sa- 
vannah and South Edifto rivers. To fupply this ca- 
nal with water, a tumbling dam may be thrown over Ste- 
vens's creek; which, when the locks are opened, will di- 
rect its waters into Buckhatters creek ; and thence a- 
long the canal, into Edifto river. From Edifto river, 
the navigation will be fafe to Charlefton. But, it 
would be more direct, by cutting a canal from the 

Edifto 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 15B 

Edifto into Afliley river above Dorchcfter; in which 
Cafe, the country produce, from thofe places, and alfo 
from all thofe lands, connected with the northern branch 
of Edifto river, would be brought to Charlefton by 
water, in the neareft poffible diftunce. The legiflature, 
in the year 1787, noticed this advantage; and incor- 
porated a company for opening the navigation between 
the Edifto, and Afhley. From the northward, all the 
produce from the country, which lies convenient to 
the Waccamaw, Pedee, and Black rivers, and to 
Drowning creek, in North Carolina, may be fafely 
brought to Georgetown ; and from thence inland to 
Charlefton ; by opening the navigation from George- 
town bay, to North Santee, between Ford's Island and 
the main ; and by fhortening the many windings of 
Mufquito creek. And from the weftward, all the pro- 
duce of the country, fituated near the waters and rivers 
which flow into the Santee, may be tranfported direct- 
ly to Charlefton, through the Santee Canal, communi- 
cating with Cooper river;* or for boats of heavy bur- 
den, a fafe inland navigation is ufed from South San- 
tee, through Alligator creek, and thence between the 
iflands, until they arrive at Charlefton. An infpecli- 
on into the adjoined map of the ftate, will give abetter 
opinion of what may be performed by clearing the 
navigation of our rivers; and fpreading the mutual in- 
tercourfe from all parts of the ftate. 

The Santee Canal is faid to be at leaft equal to any 
work of the kind, in thefe United States; and it has 
been made by virtue of a law, paffed by the legiflature 
in the year 1786, incorporating a company for that 
purpofe. By this law, the proprietors are prohibi- 

U 2 ted 

* The firft paflage of a beat, entirely through the Santee Canal, was about 
July, 1800, when a boat went from Charlefton to Granby with a load of fait; 
and another to Camden. Since that time, boats bringing from fixtv to 
to ninety bales of cotton, have pa fled from the middle cour.try through this ca- 
nal, to CharleQon ; when the river was fo low, that large boats could noc 
aUempt its navigation. 



i 5 6 A VIEW OF 

ted from demanding a greater toll, than twenty-fire 
per cent, per annum, on the money which fhall be ex- 
pended in making and keeping the fame in repair. The 
company are thereby veiled with power to eftablifh 
a ferry over Santee river, at or near the place, where 
the canal fhall join it; and to lay out a road from 
thence, until it interfecl the public road, leading from 
the High Hills of Santee. By the fame law, it is de- 
clared to be death to thofe, who mall wilfully break, 
or deftroy any part of the fame. 

Tnis important work has been laid out, and conduc- 
ed with much ability, and fuccefs, by Colonel John 
Chriftian Senf; engineer to this (fate, and director to 
the company. It was begun during the year 1792 ; 
and was rmifhed in the year 1800 ; at an expence of 
not lefs than 150,000 pounds fterling. Its direction, 
and capabilities may be conceived, by viewing the an- 
nexed map of the canal, and adjoining country ; which 
is laid down by actual furvey. This canal, is thirty- 
five feet wide at the top, Hoping down on each fide to 
a width of twenty feet at the bottom; and is calculated 
to contain a depth of four feet water, capable ofpaf- 
fing boats of twenty two tons. On each fide of it are 
tracking paths, for horfes to draw the boats ; and a- 
long the canal, at proper diftances, are two double locks 
and fix {ingle ones, whofe fupply of water is drawn 
from different refervoirs along the courfe of the canal. 
The locks are confirucled of brick andftone; and are 
of a length, and breadth, competent for palling boats 
fifty-four feet long, and nine feet wide. 

In many inftances, the rivers and creeks have been 
cleared of trees and rocks, and the navigation thereby 
aififted in different parts of the ftate; but, this canal is 
the only work of confequence, which hitherto has been 
effected, towards fo defireable a purpofe. Some at- 
tempts were made, under legiflative fanclion, to open the 
navigation of the Catawba river at Rocky mount; and 

it 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. %& 

it was proceeded in fo far, as to clear a channel, fome 
diitance in the river, by blowing up rocks ; and a Hone 
lock was nearly effected : it was difconunued, however, 
by the failure of means for its fupport. The company 
are now preparing to recommence their operations;* 
and when the fame are completed above the falls of the 
river at Rocky Mount, the navigation of the Catawba 
may then be opened, without any heavy expenfe, Jo far 
as Hill 8c Hay ne's iron works; and from thence to die 
ftate boundary fine. The advantages hence aniing, are 
incalculable; as the riches and produce of a great part 
of the upper country of North-Carolina, may, and 
probably will, be thus eafily tranfportable to Charlef- 
ton; the encouragement to agriculture, and the enereafe 
of property, will be great; the iron, the lead, ana fait 
petre of the upper country will be eaiiiy attainable; 
and an opportunity will be offered of eftablifhing an ar- 
fenal and works connected therewith, on a fcale either 
for this (late, or thefe United States, at Rocky Mount, 
or its vicinity. A fituation, at which it is fuppofed 
•works of the kind may be eftabliihed to much advan- 
tage; and one, which will be extremely convenient for 
all the fouthern ftates of this Union. t 

The companies, which areatprefent incorporated by 
the legislature of this Hate, for opening its inland na„ 
vigation, are " The company for the inland navigation 
" from Santee to Cooper river. "J " The company for 
" improving the navigation of Edifto and Aihley ri- 

" vers ; 

* A canal is to be cut from Rocky Creek, about three miles and sn half, until 
a communication be made with the Catawba, above the Great Falls; and the 
navigation from i hence to North Carolina, it is fuppofed, may be effected 
for go ooo dollars. 

t Since writing the above, I am informed, inftmftipns have iffued from the 
fecretary of the war department, to lieut. col. Senf, directing him, in conjunc- 
tion with gen. Sumter, to feleft a fuitable fite for a magazine and armory, at or 
near Rocky Mount. And that, in confeouence thereof, a fite has been reported 
to that department, fituated at the great falls of the Catawba river, as fully an- 
fv/ering all requillte qualities of fuch eflablilhment. 

^ Laws of 1786. 



s 5 S A VIEW OF 

" vers; and making a communication by a canal, and 
" locks, from one to the other of the faid rivers."* 
And " The company for opening the navigation of the 
14 Catawba and Wateree rivers. "§ Befides thefe, ma- 
ny are the legiflative appointments of commiffioners, 
throughout the date, for opening the navigation of ri- 
vers and water courfes. So that, at this time, there is 
fcarcely a river in the upper country, whofe navigation 
is not more or lefs in a itate of improvement. 

Roads. 

The roads in this (late are well adapted to tranfport- 
ation and travelling; even to the mountains. Hence, 
waggons find no difficulty in coming from the upper 
country ; bringing with them, the commodities of that 
diftant region. Crofs roads to and from each court-houfe, 
are made throughout the ftate; and a waggon road has 
lately been made, from the north fork of Saluda river, 
over the mountains, to Knoxville in the ftate of Ten- 
neftee; by which waggons have paffed, carrying loads 
of 250olbs. weight. This opens a new fource of wealth 
to this ftate ; and fpeeds an happy intercourfe between 
the countries eaft and weft of the Apalachean moun- 
tains. In the upper country the water courfes are 
moftly fordable; and, when they are not; like other 
parts of the ftate, they are crofted by bridges and 
ferries. This, in general, may be more particularly 
obferved, as relating to the great roads of this ftate, by 
adverting to the map at the beginning of this work ; 
as the bridges crofting water courfes, are marked on 
the fame. Thefe roads are made and kept in re- 
pair, under the direction of commifti oners; in the 
lower country by negroes, and in the middle and upper 
country by a fuitable number of the reftdents in the 
county or parifti through which they lead ; otherwife, 

there 

* Laws of 1787. 
\ Laws of 1787. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. i 59 

there is little or no expence attending them. And, at 
this time, a carriage and four may be driven from any 
part of this ftate to the other, and from the lea fliore 
to the mountains, without any other difficulty than fucli 
as naturally arife in long journies. Some few toll 
bridges are erected ; but, the fpirit of the people is 
not yet favorable to thefe taxes on travelling. It is 
hoped, however, the day will come, when bridges, 
which are of too great magnitude to be built and kept 
in repair by individuals, will be taken under the direc- 
tion of government. This is one of the good purpofes, 
for which public monies may be referved in the public 
treafury ; and for which they may be drawn out, in 
the public fervice. 

Commerce. 

When a country, whofe original fettlement witfi 
white inhabitants, commenced only in the year 1670,* 
has arrived, in the courfe of one hundred and thirty-two 
years, to the refpeclable fituation which South-Caroli- 
na at prefent enjoys; inquifitive minds are naturally led 
to enquire into the progrefs of her riches, from her firfl 
eftablilhment to modern times. In directing this pur- 
fuit, we find it .often fruftrated by the lofs of records > 
and by the want of particular agricultural and commer- 
cial hiftories ; which, it is the misfortune of this ftate, 
have never yet been produced. Hence, what little is to 
be gathered, is from detached readings ; and cafual dif- 
coveries ; which, although they may throw fome light on 
a fubjec\ of fuch importance ; can by no means fatisfy 
the mind, whofe aim is complete inveftigation. To re- 
fer back, however, to as early a period in the hiftory of 
this ftate, as authenticity can fupport; and thence, to 
deduce fome of the moft principal changes which have 
taken place in this refpecl, throughout a feries of prof- 
perity and adverfity, is all that will be attempted ; and 

perhaps, 

* Chalmers' Pslitkal Anndls^ page ,529. 



i6o A VIEW OF 

perhaps, it will be more than fhall be fatisfa&oriiy per- 
formed. 

Fifteen years had elapfed from the firft. fettlement of 
the ftate, before it was found neceffary to eftablifh a 
collector of duties, for the port of Charlefton ; and the 
year 1685 is the earlieft period, that we are informed of 
fuch an appointment having been made.* At this time 
alfo, an act of affembly was palled for fettling a pilot ;t 
and the firft fteps were probably then taken for regulat- 
ing the entries of veflels. For thirty years thereafter, 
the hiftory of South Carolina does not furnifh us with 
any particulars of her population ; and fifty years elapfe 
before any certain me'ntion is made of her exports. Dur- 
ing the early part of this period, the inhabitants, under 
the protection of a proprietary government, unfuitably 
projected by Mr. Locke, and feebly executed, were 
ftruggling, not only againft the native Indians, but al- 
fo with the fandy unproductive foil of the lower coun- 
try ; which w ? as unfavourable to the growth of Euro- 
pean grains. And, inftead of furniming them with va- 
luable exports ; it ungenerously returned them a very 
fcanty produce. Hence the chief of her exports, in 
thofe early times, confined of lumber, naval (lores, 
and different kinds of peltry ; which, from the difficul- 
ty attending a new fettlement, where one part of the 
community was obliged to be armed, whilft the other 
laboured, could neither have been large, or of confi- 
derable value. With the introduction of negroes, how- 
ever, the planting intereft was better enabled to con- 
tend with the dangers, and climate, of the country.' 
And in the year 1696 the fortunate introduction of 
rice, gave a new direction to the induftry of her inhabi- 
tants ; and formed a remarkable aera in the progrefs of 
her hiftory. 

In 

* Chalmers* Political Annals, page 548. 

+ See in Grimke's Laws, the titles of the aQs pafled by the legiflature of 
Seuth-Carolina. No* 2s. 



SOUTH- CAROLINA i6i 

In the year 1724, 18,000 barrels of rice, 52.000 
barrels of turpentine, tar, and pitch, together with deer 
Ikins, furs and raw lilk, were exported to England; 
befides which, rice and other articles of exportation* 
were lent to the Weft Indies, and the Northern Ameri- 
can States. And in the courfe of ten years, i-iclufive, 
from 1720 to 1729, 264,488 barrels of rice were 
exported from this ftate. At this time a change of 
government had taken place,* from proprietory to 
regal ; and with it a protection had been extended to 
her citizens, both at home and abroad, which led to 
their greater happinefs. They had now more time and 
power, to enjoy the advantages they pofTe(ied; and how 
far they profited on this occalion, cannot be better 
fhown, than by obferving, that in ten years after the 
province (now ftate) was purchafed from the lords 
proprietors for the king of Great Britain, viz. from 
1730 to 1739, inclufive, 499,525 barrels of rice were 
exported. Her commerce now began to extend itfelf 
to diftant countries; and the article of rice, to rival 
that of other nations. For, as early as the year 1733^ 
in confequence of the rice exported from Carolina to 
Spain and Portugal, it had become fo cheap in thofe 
countries, as to have put almoft an entire (top to the 
importation of that article from Venice, and other parts 
of Italy. t And from its excellent quality, the rice of 
Carolina was preferred to that of Verona and Egypt.* 
wherefoever it was carried. J 

Struck by the great advantages derived from fo 
important a ftaple, and well informed on that fubjecl 5 
by a memorial in behalf of South-Carolina, and the 

X merchants 

* See " a narrative of the proceedings of the people of South-Carolina 
41 in the year 1719; and of the true caufes and motives that induced them to 
" renounce their obedience to the lords proprietors, as their governors, and 
41 to put them'elves under the immediate government of the crown." 4to j 
publifhed at London in the year 1726. 

+ Anderson on Commerce. Vol. III. page 200* 

J Anderson on Commerce. Vol. III. page X64. 



:6a 



A VIEW OF 



merchants concerned in her trade,* rice was left nut 
by Great Britain from the lift of enumerated article.*, ; 
which, before that time had not been allowed to be ex- 
ported fouthward of Cape Finilterre; and it was thence- 
forth exported to foreign countries. By this direcl trade, 
the planter immediately drew an increafing benefit. He 
received from the merchant a greater price for his rice; 
while the latter was enabled not only to receive an ad- 
vance upon its purchafe, on it's faie in foreign coun- 
tries ; but to receive, in return, at prime coft, particular 
articles for confumption in Carolina; on the fale of 
which he alio received a proportionable profit. Hence 
agriculture and commerce being mutually encouraged, 
encreaie;! the population and refources of the ftate ; and 
unicls when interrupted by particular accidents, were 
continually progre'Umg, to appreciate the fcale of her 
importance. In the year 1739, the exports carried away 
by two hundred and thirty-eight mips, and vefiels, were 



Rice, 

Pitch, 

Turpentine, *. 

Tar, - 

Deer (kins, 

Loofe (kins, unpacked, 

Indian corn, and cow peafe. 

Pine and cyprefs timber, 

and planks, 
Cedar boards. 
Shingles, 
Calk (laves, 
Tanned leather, 
Rohn, 
Saflafras, 
Beef and pork, - 
Potatoes, 



-) 



71,484 barrels. 

8,095 do « 

83 do. 

2,734 do. 

559 hogfheads. 
1,196 
20,165 bufhels. 

209,190 feet. 

3,200 do. 
42,600 
56,820 
1,585 hides. 
4^ barrels. 
4~ tons. 
539 barrels. 
790 bufhels. 
It 



* See this memorial in Vol. II. of Hewitt's anonymous History of Souti 
Carolina, page 85. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 183 

It hence appears, that in the fpace of about r ony 
tli ree years, from the commencement of vice planting, 
that ftaple had arifen to 71,484 barrels. With it, alto, 
the agricultural ftrength of the {tate w^s com men fn rate. 
Negroes were annually imported, and as readily lo d ; 
amounting, at this time, to upwards of 40,o~o perfons. 
And trade, had fo enc eafed our imports of manufac- 
tured goods, that they now amounted annually, to 
150,000 pounds (4e fling. Hiftory may be retorted to, 
but in vain, to find colonies fo foon emerging from 
infigniftcance and dependency, to wealth ana pros- 
perity. Rome and Greece founded their cities, and 
pl?nted their colonies; but it was principally from 
conquered countries they drew their revenues. It was 
left to the eighteenth century, to evince the contrary ; 
and to bring into view new iettlements, riling into wealth 
and importance; and by induftrious agriculture and 
commerce, ftrengthenmg the revenues and navies of the 
country which had originally founded them. 

Although the war which, about this period, raged be- 
tween Great Britain and Spain, and at length commu- 
cating with France, undoubtedly comrouled ihe pro- 
gref> of this (late; yet not being hei fell invaded, her 
energies were (fill directed towaids her own improve- 
ment. And with the peace, which took place in the year 
1748, by the treaty of Aix la Chapelk, ihe was found 
to have progrelfed, both in agriculture and commerce. 
During that time a fpecies of the indigo p ant had been 
fortunately difcovered, as indigenous to the (late ; «nd 
from the fuccefs attending its culture in the Welt In- 
dies, the molt fanguine expectations were encourage I. 
Some planters direeied their attention to this article; 
and their endeavours were fo amply rewarded, "thai at 
the end of two years after its fir It introduction, 200,OCO 
lb>. weight of indigo were exported to Great Britain ; 
And between the year 177- and 1773 the large quantity 
©f i 3 i07,66olbs. weight < f indigo were exported to 

X 2 Great 



X 64 A VIEW OF 

Great Britain alone; befides what was fent el fe where 
abroad. In the year 1754, the following articles were 
exported from the ftate ; fuppofed to amount in the 
whole to 2425529 pounds fterling, 

Rice, - 104,688 barrels. 

Jndigo, . - - 216,922 lbs. 

Deer fkins, - 460 hogfheads. 

in bundles, - 114 

loole, - - 508 

Pitch, - 55869 barrels, 

Tar, - 2 ?945 do. 

Turpentine, - - - 759 do. 

Beef, - - - - 416 do. 

Pork, - I5560 do. 

Indian corn, * 16,428 bufhels. 

Cow peafe, --. - * 9,162 do. 

Tanned leather, - - 4*196 hides. 

Hides in the hair, - - 1,200 

Shingles, - 1,114,000 

Staves, - 206,000 

Lumber, - 395,000 feet. 

Alfo, a quantity of live cattle, horles, cedar, cyprefs, 
and walnut plank; bees-wax, myrtle, and forne raw 
filk and cotton. 

In -1755, a new war broke out in Europe, between 
Great Britain and France ■ extending itfelf to Spain 
and Portugal; and continuing for many years in every 
quarter of the globe, until terminated by the treaty of 
Paris, in 1763. Yet, it was Hill the good fortune of 
Carolina to advance; protected by that power, to which 
me was then fubjected. In 1771, her exports had fo 
encreafed, as to exceed the fum of 756,000 pounds 
fterling; and if when fhe exported 71,484 barrels of 
rice, her imports were equal to 150,000 pounds fterling, 
at this time they could not have been lefs than double 
that fum. About this time, it is fuppofed the quantity 
pf rice made in this Rate, was at its greateft acme ; pro- 
ducing 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 165 

ducing communibus annis from 140,000 to 144,000 bar" 
rels. Some objects of hufbandry were omitted, while o- 
ther were advantageoufly purfued ; and, the ltrength of 
the ftate was induftrioufly urged, to the great encreafe of 
its foreign exportation. But now, a llorm was gathering 
in the eaft, which foon buril with all its violence on North. 
America ; and from one end of that continent to the 
other, controled the exertions both of the planter and 
of the merchant. It, however, led to the independence 
of America, and to that happy conditutional govern- 
ment ; which individually, and colleclively, the citizens 
of thel'e United States at prefent enjoy. 

During the whole of our revolutionary war, we were 
obliged more, or lefs, to originate articles of primary 
neceifity ; and our negroes were for the m >(t part 
clothed with mixed cloths of cotton and wool, i'pun and 
woven for the occahon. Many negroes were taken 
from agricultural purfuits, as well to afli ft at thefe 
manufactures, as to carry on the erection of forti- 
fications, and other public works. And hence, the 
articles of' our exports naturally decreafed ; or, 
when made, were confumed at home, alternately by 
friends and foes. From bad to worfe, the agriculture 
of Carolina retrogaded ; until in 1780 and 1781, the 
produce of her lands was fo abforbed by hoftile troops; 
as to afford no data, for even an imperfect, calculation. 
To this misfortutie was added the lofs of not lefs than 
25,000 negroes ; who were either deftroyed by difor- 
ders, introduced wi;h the Britiih army ; or were 
carried away by the fame, at the clofe of the war. 

What were Carolina's exports at the clofe of the war 
in 1783, (which can only be confidered as the gleanings 
of its crops of 1782,) appears by an account of its 
exports from 13th January to 14th November, 1783, 
rendered to the legiflature of this itate, by the colletlor 
of the cutloms ; and, dated by him as of the crop of 
1782. This confided of 

Rice, 



166 



A VIEW OF 



Rice, - 
Do. - 

Indigo, - 
Tobacco, 

Bundles of deer fk'ns, 
Pitch, . - 
Tar, - 
Turpentine, 
Lumber, Sec. * 
Shingles, 
Staves, - 
Indian corn, 
Exported in 19 {flips. 



23,16*6 barrels. 
2,129 half do. 
827 cafks. 
v 643 hoglheads 

101 
• 565 barrels. 

540 do. 
936 do. 
251,800 feet. 
- 215,800 
12,900 

6,645 bumels. 
1 fnow, 71 brigs, 73 {loops, 



and 139 fchooners. 

With the exports of the following year, the exports 
of the Itate were more than doubled; as in confequence 
of the peace of 1783, induftry was revived, and the 
entire produce of that year was carried to market. 
And from the 14th November, 1783 to 3d December, 
1784 (being the crop of 1783) the following articles 
were exported. 

Rice, 

Do. 

Indigo, 

Tobacco, 

Deer {kins, - 

Pitch, 

Tar, - 

Turpentine, 

Lumber, 

Shingles, 

Staves, 

Indian corn, 

Sole leather 
Hemp, 



~ 


- 5^9 2 3 barrels; 


> 


6,102 half do. 


, 


2,051 Calks. 


- 


2,680 hogiheads. 


. 


65ihhds. &: bales. 


- 


- 4,877 barrels. 


- 


2,489 do. 


- 


- 7,331 do. 


- 


* 705,200 feet. 


- 


1,072,000 


- 


- 402,100 


- 


14,080 bufhels. 


hides, - 


- - 887 


lides, 


- 2,703 


•> » 


3 tons. 




Flax 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. i6f 

Flax Teed, - - - - 171 calks. 

Reeds, - - - - i47>75° 

Exported in 90 fhips, 10 fnows, 148 brigs, 163 
(loops, 259 fchooners, 1 dogger, and 2 cutters. 
Meafuring 50,961 tons. 

Negroes imported in 1783, 
From Africa and the Weft Indies 1,003 
From St. Augulline, &c. 167^—1,170 

Negroes imported in 1784, 
From Africa and the Weft Indies, 4,020 
From St. Augufline, 1 :37 2 — 5-392 

Total Negroes imported in 1783, and 1784. 6,562 

George Abbot Hall, Colleftor, 



Custom Hous?i Charleston 
January 13^, 1785 



on, J 



From this In ft mentioned Hatemeni, taking rice as a 
medium of companion, re-pefting the agriculture of 
the ftnie, it appears, that it had now retrogaded near 
forty fcven years backwards ; and, that the crop of 1783, 
was probably not more than the one, which was export- 
ed in the year 1,736. From this time, however, her 
agriculture and commerce have continued to advance; 
counteracted in fame degree, by the prohibition of 
negro importation which, of late years has taken place; 
and influenced by confequences attending the French 
revolution. From year to year new profpe&s have 
prefented the. j. (elves, and new objects of agricu-ture 
have arifen ; and cotton now forms the molt valuable 
export of this itate.* 

STATEMENT 

* M-.ch of* the following Particulars refpefting the tonnar/e and exports of 
South-Carolina have been politely furnilhed the author of this work, by Jamee 
Simoas Efcj; Collector of the cuftom* for the port of Charleston, 



i63 



A VIEW OF 



STATEMENT of all the Tonnage, which entered and cleared at the 
Port of Charleston s from I J go to 1799. 



Tonnage, 


commencing 


American 


Foreign 




Total 


3 I st Au 


gust, 


1789, 


Tons. 


Tons. 




Tons. 


tofanuary 1st 


1790 


7>*5 2 


8 >973 




16,125 


1790 for 


ctie y 


ear 


18,433 


2 1,426 




39^59 


9 1 


do. 




28,032 


30,808 




'58,840 


92 


do. 




25,678 


27,043 




52,721 


93 


do. 




36,194 


23,429 




59,623 


94 


do. 




52,724 


15.115 




67.839 


95 


do. 




50,982 


16,585 




67,567 


9? 


do. 




62,271 


16,497 




78,768 


97 


do. 




60,854 


19^58 




8o,8xz 


98 


do. 




45,162 


20438 




65,500 


99 


do. 


Ions 


5W9 1 


31.153 


Total tons. 


82,944 




439< 2 73 


231,325 


670,598 



The number a,d defer iption of the vefTels, which entered and cleared in the 
year 1799, were — 135 (hips, 8 barques, 176 brigs, 11 fnows, 256 fchooners, 
and 108 floops. Total 694 vefTels, or 82,944 tons. 

STATEMENT of Exports from the Port of Charleston, and their total 
annual amount, from 1 7 90 to 1800. 



Periods 
ef Export. 



From Aug. 31, 
to Dec. 31, 1789, 
being 4 months 

1790 ■ 

1791 
• 1792 

*793 

*794 

1795 

1796 

1797 

1798 

1799 

1800 



Barrels 

of 
Rice. 



9> l 57 

87.179 
98,044 

102,235 
94>°35 

69-717 

85,670 

84,540 
80,837 

74.277 
70,426 

75,788 



Casks of In- 
digo, cif lbs 

weight. 



289 

1,649 
2,245 

2,495 
1,819 

2,154 

1,217 

490 

96,121 lbs, 

19,838 lbs, 

6,892 lbs, 

3,400 lbs, 



Hhdi. 

f To- 
bacco. 



Pounds -uut 
of cotton. 



Tot al annual 
amount of ex- 
ports, includ- 
ing Rice, Indi- 
go, Tobacco Ci? 
Cotton . 



1,172 

6,820 
6,033 

5,285 

3>3 2 4 

4,908 
4,288 
5,328 
3,961 
4,638 
9.646 
7,927 



5,670 

9,840 

54.075 
76,710 

93-54° 
159,040 
1,109,653 
91 2,60c 
1,008,51 f 
2,476,43 1 
2,801,996 
6^425,863 



Dollars. 
3J3> 6 74 

2,104,677 
2,411,771 
2,341,777 
3,112,525 
3,869,019 
5,984,196 
7,600,387 
6,459,524 
6,946,924 
8,729,015 
10,5^4,842 



The years comprife periods from Get. i s to Sept. 30, of the following year. 

By 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. i@$ 

By the foregoing ftatements it appear?, (That from the 
year 1792, the exports of this (rate, both in .quantity 
and value, have greatly encreafed. This, however, if 
not particularly explained, would lead to-^error in tl £ 
eonclufion thence to be drawn; as referring to the 
natural productions of this count y. The truth isj 
except as to rice, indigo, tobacco, cotton, and Indian 
corn, much of thefe exports were ol' foreign growth ;. 
introduced into the port of Charleiton, in conTequence of 
the war between France and different European powers. 
Prizes brought into this port, by French cruifers, were 
fold;* and, the cargoes, thus purchafed, became articles 
of export; which, when entered at the cufturn hou'e,' 
fwelled, to a great degree, the amount of general expor- 
tation. Many branches of trade, were alfo here direcled; 
which, in times of peace, flowed in channel 3 unconnect- 
ed with our commerce. And thus the produce and 
trade of St. Domingo, Cuba, New Orleans, and 
other French and Spanifh territories in the Weft Indies, 
and on the Spanifh Main, which could not with fafety 
or convenience, be carried to Europe in the veffels of 
thofe refpeclive nations, were brought to this ftate in 
the courfe of that carrying trade, which it was her 
happinefs to polfefs in a very advantageous degree, 
during the late French revolutionary war. In this 
manner, quantities of cocoa, coffee, fugar, rum, indigo, 
and other articles of the Weft Indies, and of South 
America, are noted in the exports of this flate for thofe 
years; which, in times of peace, are dire6lly exported to 
European port-, in the channel of that trade, immediate- 
ly flowing from the countries origin; llv producing them; 

During thefe late years". t the commerce of this ftate 
has been directed to Africa; the Dutch Netherlands; 
the United S r ates of America, Spain, France, Great 
Britain and Ireland, with their dependant iflands in 

Y Europe ; 

* In the courfe of a fhort time, thefe fales were prohibited by the federa* 
government. 

+ Except when the trade with France was prohibited by the government *? 
fi*e United State's. 



17 o A VIEW OF 

Europe, Germany, countries ft mated around the Me- 
diterranean fea; Weft Indies, including Bermuda, and 
other American iflands ; Spaniih Main and South Ame- 
rica; Ruffia, Denmark, Portugal, Madeira iflands, 
Pru-ffia, Eaft Florida, and Nova Scotia. The veffels 
employed from the port of Charkfton alone, for the lalt 
year, in this trade, which were entered at the cuftom 
houfe, were about 875; conflfting of 178 fhips, 211 
brigs, 10 fnows, 369 fchooners, 90 (loops, 12 bar- 
ques, 4 galliots, 1 lugger. Total 875 vefiels. 

And the countries to which the greateft part of our 
trade was moftly dire6ied for that period, is fuppofed 
to be in the following order, 1. Great Britain and 
Ireland, with their dependent iflands in Europe. 2. 
Weft-Indies, including Bermuda and other American 
iflands. 3. Germany, and the Dutch Netherlands. 
4. Countries '{ituated around the Mediterranean lea. 
The tonnage of the above veffels was 107,370 44 tns J 
of which 69,888 i-|ths was American; 33,106 -£~tths 
was foreign; and 4,376 T 7 T tns was employed coattwife 
between this and the other dates. The tonnage owned 
at the port of Charkfton,* was greater a few years pair, 
than it is at prefent ; the permanent tonnage of this 
port, on the 31ft December, 1801, was only 26,806 
44-ths. This reduction may be attributable to the fol- 
lowing caufes : illegal captures and condemnations of 
belligerent powers ; lofTes at fea, feizures for contra- 
band, and foreign fales and transfers ; of which, it is 
believed, by far the greater part, have been vexatious 
and illegal detentions, captures, and condemnations. 

The veffels which entered the harbour of Charkf- 
ton, during the year 1801, (not including the coafters 
of this (late) as entered on the books at Fort johnfon, 
where they bring too, for examination, previous to their 

arrival 

* Through a want of proper information reletting the por f s of Georgetowa 
and Beaufort, no accurate account can be given oi the trade, or tonnage from 
thence. This much, however, may be faid, that the imports or exports to and 
from 1 hem is fmall ; the trade from thence being principally to and from. 
Charlefton, 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 



*7. 



arrival att he city ; amount to 1,274. By referring to 
the table annexed, the particular kinds of veffels ar- 
riving, and the countries from whence they came, are 
ealily perceived, A mate.ial difference anfes, between 
thefe veffels arriving, and thole entered at the cuitorn 
houfe for the lame period. But that difference is 
cleared up, by mentioning, that all veffels coming, coaft- 
wife, under enrolment and licence, not having dutiable 
goods on board; or entering in difirefs; or from foreign 
ports, not deftined to the port of Charleflon ; are not 
entered on the books of the cuftom houfe. 

A TABLE shewing the number of vessels (not including the coasters of this state) 
which entered the port of Charleston, from the ist of January, to the $ist of 
December, inclusive of the year 1801, and the places from whence they came; 
as entered on the books at Fort Johnson, in Charleston harbour. 



From what countries. 


--> 

■IS- 
-0 



'0 


*-> 




Co 


•-> 


•1 

^5 


•A 

■*., 

05 


Is 


Africa. 


1 


I 




A 1 


1 


Diuch Netherlands 


4 j 1 


5l 


'1 ! 




United Scates of America. 


28| 


50J 1 


363! H 6 | 1 


1 




Spain. 


5i 


9! 


*! '1 






France. 


5| 


®i 


A 








Great Britain and Ireland ; with 
their dependant iflands in Eu- 
rope. 


79 


1 


i5 




2 








I 


Germany, 


*9 




*3! a 


1 










Mediterranean Sea. 


1 1 




"1 










Well indie., including the Bermu- 
da and other Weft India iflands. 


3i 


4 


1 1 1 


I 204 


63 
1 


2 


2 




Spamih Main and South America. 


Si 


9 




21 






Ruffia. 


A 






I 




1 


Denmark. 


\ \ A 


1 




1 


Portugal. 


A I 1 


1 


i 


A'ddeira iflands. | 3) 5J 1 


A * 


1 1 


r*rutfa. III 1 ! 


i 


i 1 1 


halt Florida. | j 2J 


! io| 


1 1 I 


Nova bcotia. 


! I ! 


i 1 i 



y 2 



Total 1,274 



$7 9 A VIEW OF 

Such is the general outline of the commerce of 
South-Carolina; which from fmaj] beginnings, and in 
one hundred and feventeen years from the fcrft appoint- 
ment of a collet or, hasanfentoa fituation truly ad- 
vantageous. Her exports for the year 1801, amount- 
ed to 14,304,045 dollars ; at that time, her principal 
city (Charleston) ranked, for value of exports, as the 
third fea port;* and as a Hate, South-Carolina for ex* 
ports, ftbod the fourth Hate of this union. 

4 STATEMENT, 

* Bofton mia;ht appear to have a claim to this Nation in the exports of 1801 s 
but, if the other Ita ports ot Malfachufetts be lubtrafted from the entire exports 
of that (htr for that year, it is prcfomed, the export* oi &t»ilyn, will be far b*« 



SOUTH CAROLINA 



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* In the year 1724, 18,000 barrels of rice, 52,000 barrels of pitch, tar, 
and turpentine, together vith dter ikins, furs, and raw filk, were exported to 
England. Befmes w^iich, rice and other articles were exported to the Weft 
Ziidjes, and the northern Hates of America. 



CHAP. 



i 7 ^ A VIEW OF 



CHAP. III. 



Hijf cries : Government ana Laws: Revenue: Civil divijions : Cities and 
Towns: Religion: Charitable Societies : Literature : modes of living, 
character and diverjtons. 

Hijiories. 

1 HE tranfaclions which took place in this (late, during 
her early eftabliihrnent, do not appear to be noticed by 
any contemporary writer. In thofe times, fettlers were 
too bufied in providing for their fupport, and in defend- 
ing themfelves from hoftile Indians, to mark thofe 
daily incidents, which, although uninterefting to them- 
felves, would now form relations of defirable curiofity. 
Among the hiftories of that part of North America, 
which now bears the name of South-Carolina, John 
Law son appears to lay claim to early publication, in a 
quarto book, printed in the year 1709, entitled " A New 
Voyage to Carolina, <&c." Comprehending a hiftory 
of both South and North Carolina. As refpects the 
former, it appears more a travelling journal, through 
various tribes of Indians : than an account of her civil- 
ized ftuation. 

" A narrative of the proceedings of the people of 
" South-Carolina, in the year 1719; and of the true 
" caufes and motives, that induced them to renounce 
" their obedience to the lords proprietors, as their gover- 
" nors, and to put themfelves under the immediate 
" government of the crown.." publifhed in a 410. pam- 
phlet, in London, in the year 1726, by F. Yonge. 

Coxe's defcriptionof Carolana, 8vo. printed in 1741, 
gives but little information of South-Carolina. 

Britifti Empire, by J. 01dmixon 3 8vo. 

An 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. i 76 

An anonymous account of the European fettlements 
in America, two volumes, 8vo. fuppofed to written by 
Mr. Burke. It appeared in the year 1758, and pof- 
feffes valuable information; both, as relating to the 
fettlement of the country, and as treating of its pro- 
ductions and exports. 

In the year 1770, a fmall o£tavo pamphlet made its 
appearance, fuppofed to be written by Dr. Milligan ; 
giving a fhort defcription of South-Carolina, with an 
account of the air, weather, and difeafes, incidental 
to the climate. 

"The Natural Hiftory of Carolina, Florida and the 
Bahama Iflands." Folio, 2 volumes, by Mark Catefby, 
F. R. S. printed at London, in the year 1771. This 
work is fufficiently known to the learned, to render any 
particular account of it neceMary. Thus much, how- 
ever, may be faid ; that his natural hiftory of South- 
Carolina, as far as it goes, is the mod valuable of any 
yet publifhed to the world. 

American hufbandry, large 8vo 2 volumes, printed 
in the year 1775, at London, by an American; contain- 
ing an account of the foil, climate, productions, and 
agriculture of the Britifh colonies, in North America, 
and the Weft Indies. 

In the year 1776, an account of the weather and 
difeafes of South-Carolina, was publifhed by Lionel 
Chambers, M. D. giving much entertaining and ufeful 
information refpe&ing the ftate. 

In the year 1779, an hiftorical account of the rife 
and progrefs of the colonies of South-Carolina, and 
Georgia, in 2 volumes, 8vo. was publifhed anonymoully 
by the rev. Mr. Hewitt. Much merit is due to this per- 
formance. And although fome errors be in the w r ork ; 
yet, on the whole, it is inftruciive and entertaining. Many 
matters being thereby refcued from oblivion, which, 
otherwife, would have been covered with impenetrable 
darknefs. 

w Chalmers Political Annals of the prefent United 

" Colonies, 



t7 Q A VIEW or 

" Colonies, from their fettlement to the peace of 1763.* 
was publifled at London, in 410, in the year 1780; the 
fame being compiled chiefly from records, and author- 
ized often by the infertion of (late papers. In treating 
of South-Carolina, it is by no means as lengthy as Mr. 
Hewitt's hiftory ; but, it appears to be far 11 ore correct 
And, on the whole, may be considered as the belt hiftory 
of the rile and progrefs of South-Carulina down to 
that time. 

The Hiftory of the Revolution of South-Carolina, 
from a Britifh province, to an independent ftnte, in 2 
volumes, 8vo. By David Ramfay, M. D. Member, of 
the American congrefs. Fublifhed at Trenton, in the 
year 1785. 

Anderlbnon Commerce, 4to, 4 volumes. Printed at 
London, in the year 1787. 

Flora Caroliniana, 8vo. By Thomas Walter, print-? 
ed at London, in the year 1788. 

In 1796 a fmall 8vo. pamphlet was publi-fhed by 
David Ram fay, M. D. entitled, A Sketch of the Soil, 
Climate, Weather and Difeafes of South-Carolina, 
which contains valuable information, leading to a better' 
knowledge of the modern fituation of the Hate. 

Travels through North and South-Carolina, Georgia,; 
Eaft and Welt Florida, &c. By William Bartram. 
Pubiiihed at Philadelphia, in 8vo. in the year 1791. 

Notes on the finances of the Mate of South-Carolina,- 
by a Member of the Houfe of Reprefentatives. Small- 
pamphlet, 8vo. printed in Charlefton, by W. P. Young. 

Hiftoire des Chenes de l'Amerique, folio par Andie 
Michaux. Printed at Paris in the year 1801. 

From fome of thefe, and other opportunities of 
information, it appears, that although charters had been 
granted, at different times, by the crown of Great Britain, 
of lands, either connected in whole, or in part, with thofe. 
of South-Carolina ; yet they were at length declared 
void, becaufe they had never been carried into execution^ 
agreeably to the intention and meaning of thofe inftru- 

mentstf 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. iff 

ments. And, it was not, until after the reftoration of 
Charles the fecond, thatattempts wereferioufly and effici- 
ently made, for promoting a fettlement of this country. 
It was then, that charters were given, by him, to the earl 
of Clarendon and others, of this valuable territory ; 
and, that a colony was fent out, under governor Sayle, 
for fettling the country, in the vicinity of Port Royal. 
This, therefore, by the befl: information, appears to have 
been the firffc efficient fettlement, which took place, 
within the prefent boundaries of this flate. It appears, 
alfo, that the feat of government was foon removed 
from thence, to the fouthern banks of the Afhley; and 
from thence, in a few years afterwards, to Charlefton, 
on the point of land lying between Afhley and Cooper 
rivers. And from hence the government continued to 
be adminiftered, until it has lately been removed to 
Columbia, in a more central part of the flate* 

A defire of novelty, private unhappinefs, political 
commotions, and religious perfecution, greatly promo- 
ted the firft attempts of colonization; encouraging all 
thofe, who partook of thefe influences, to try their 
fortunes in a new and diftant country. For them the 
lands, as yet unfilled, offered their native richnefs ; and 
a more enlarged freedom and profpecls of fpeedy riches, 
invited them fiom countries, where their hopes had 
been fruftrated, both in the one and the other. Un- 
limited toleration, to people of religious perfuafionsj 
fpread forth alfo its allurements; and emigrations, in 
confequence, took place, which tended greatly to en- 
creafe the population and firength of the country. 
The colony of courfe progreffed in a pleafing degree ; 
not, however, without jealoufies and difcontents, which 
took place between the lords proprietors and the people. 
To thefe were added religious difputes, betwixt epifco- 
palians and diffenters, producing much irritation and 
confufion. And Indian wars, fometimes of deftruclive 
nature, gave them frequent alarms on their frontiers, 

Z while 



i 7 8 A VIEW OF 

while Spanifh and French invafions threatened the 
destruction of the colony; neceffarily involving it in 
much expenfe, towards making fuitable preparations 
against them. Thefe, with an ill adapted government, 
indifferently executed, and affording little or no pro- 
tection againft European powers; kept the minds of 
people in constant irritation ; and finally effected a 
change, by which all fubmiflion to the lords proprietors 
was renounced; and the colony, and its dependencies, 
was acknowledged to appertain only to the king of 
Great Britain t by whom, foon after, a purchafe was 
made of the fame from the lords proprietors. From 
this time, the government wore a more fettled appear- 
ance, better protecting both perfons and property ; the 
minds of people became tranquilized ; and the impor- 
tance of the country, arofe in a degree, equal, perhaps, 
to the moft fanguine expectations. 

A revolution, however, after many years, took place, 
The opinions of men became further changed. And 
the government of Carolina, was wreited from the king 
of Great Britain, in almofl as eafy a manner,* as it had 
been formerly withdrawn from the lords proprietors. t 
This advantage, however, was not fecured, but by the 
conflict of a revolutionary war, of obstinate continuance. 
And, when peace dawned on this western hemifphere, and 
independence fpread enlivening vigour through every 
department of its citizens ; the constitution of govern- 
ment, which had been formed in the midft of neceffity 
and war, was found inadequate to the proper admini- 
itration of justice, and the due protection of perfons 
and property. Hence, a convention was called in 
May, 1790, whofe deliberations continued until the 
third day of June, following ; when a constitution 
which had been matured, was ratified. The ftate go- 
vernment 

* See Ramsay's Revolution of South-Carolina, Vol. I. pages 30, 45, 51, act 
59. Alfo note V, in the appendix. 
t See note in page 161. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. , 79 

vernment then affumed anew form; which has con- 
tinued, and it is hoped will long continue to invigorate 
the different branches of its fyftem. And to extend that 
freedom, and due protection to each member of the 
community; which, is alone compatible with the focial 
compaft. And without which, mankind quickly preci- 
pitate either into ravage barbatifm, or hopelels flavery. 

Government and Laws. 

Like all other ftates of this union, the government 
of South-Carolina, is republican; being founded on her 
conftitution, of government, which, as before obferved, 
was made and ratified at Columbia, on the 3d day of 
June, in the year, 1790. 

The legiflative authority, is thereby veiled in a gene- 
ral affembly, confiding of a fenate and houfe of repre- 
fentatives. The members of each of thefe houfes are 
chofen by ballot, from the people; at a certain ratio for 
each parifli or county throughout the ftate ; th< j feriators, 
being elected for four years, and, the members of the 
houfe of reprefentatives for two years. The qualifica- 
tions of a ienator require, that he be a free white man, 
of the age of thirty years ; and have been a citizen and 
refident in this (late five years previous to his election. 
I'i a refident in the election diftrid, he is not elegible, 
unlefs legally feized and poflefled, in his own right, of a 
fettled freehold eftate of the value of three hundred 
pounds fterling, clear of debt. If a non-refident in 
the election diltrict, he is not elegible, unlefs legally 
feized and poffefled, in his own right, of a fettled free- 
hold, or eltate, in the faid diflrict, of the value of one 
thoufand pounds fterling, clear of debt. The qualifi- 
cations of a member of the houfe of reprefentatives 
require, that he be a free white man, of the age of 
twenty one years ; and have been a citizen and refident 
in this ftate, three years previous to his election. If 
a refident in the election diftrift, he is not elegible to 

Z 2 a 



ago A VIEW OF 

a feat in the houfe of reprefentatives, unlefs he be le- 
gally feized and poffefled of a fettled freehold eftate of 
live hundred acres of land, and ten negroes ; or, of a 
real eftate of the value of one hundred and fifty pounds 
flerling, clear of debt. If a non-refident, in the electi- 
on diftrift, he is not elegible, unlefs legally feized and 
pofTefied of a fettled freehold eftate therein, of the 
value of five hundred pounds fterling, clear of debt. 
The members of both houfes are protected in their 
perfons and eftates, during their attendance on, going 
to, and returning from the legiflature ; and for ten days 
previous to the fitting, and for ten days after the ad- 
journments of the legiflature. But thefe privileges, do 
not protect any member, charged with treafon, felony, 
or breach of the peace. All cafes of impeachment 
are brought forward by the houfe of reprefentatives, 
and are tried by the fenate. Bills for raifing revenue, 
can originate only in the houfe of reprefentatives; but, 
they may be altered, amended, or rejected by the fe- 
nate. All other bills may originate in either houfe; 
and may be amended, altered, or rejected by the other. 
No money can be drawn out of the treafury, but by 
the legiflative authority of the fame. And no perfon, 
(except officers in the militia, army, or navy of this 
ftate, juftices of the peace, or juftices of the county 
courts, while they receive no falaries,) holding any 
office of profit, or truft, under this ftate, thefe United 
States, or either of them, or under any other power; 
contractors of the army or navy of this ftate, thefe Uni- 
ted States, or either of them, or the agents of fuch 
contractors ; are elegible to a feat in the legiflature, 
whilft holding fuch office of profit or truft. And any 
member accepting, or exercifing any of the faid dif- 
qualifying offices, vacates his feat accordingly. Nei- 
ther houfe, during their feffion, without the confent of 
the other, can adjourn for more than three days ; nor 
to any other place, than that, in which the two houfes 

may 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. j8i 

may be then fitting. And when any bill, or ordinance, 
fhall have been read three times, on three feveral days 
in each houfe ; has had the great feal affixed to it ; and 
has been figned in the fenate houfe, by the prefident 
of the fenate, and by the fpeaker of the houfe of re- 
prefentatives ; then, and not until then, it has the 
force of law. 

The executive authority is vefted in a governor, 
who is chofen by the general affembly to continue in 
office for two years, and until a new election fhall be 
made ; and he is not re-eligible to the fame, for the 
term of four years, after he may have ferved in that 
capacity. No perfon is eligible to this high office, un- 
lefs he have attained the age of thirty years ; and have 
refided within this ftate, and been a citizen thereof, ten 
years; nor unlefs he be feized and poffeffed of a fet- 
tled eftate within the fame, in his own right, of the value 
of 1,500 pounds fterling, clear of debt. A lieutenant 
governor is alfo chofen at the fame time, and in the 
fame manner; who continues in office for the fame 
period, and is required to poffefs the fame qualificati- 
ons of eftate as the governor. And, in cafe of the im- 
peachment of the governor, or his removal from office, 
death, refignation, or abfence from the ftate, the lieute- 
nant governor fucceeds to his office. And, in cafe of 
the impeachment of the lieutenant governor, or his re- 
moval from office, death, refignation, or abfence from 
the ftate, the prefident of the fenate fucceeds to his 
office ; until a nomination to thofe offices, refpeclively, 
fhall be made by the fenate and houfe of reprefenta- 
tives, for the remainder of the time, for which the 
officer fo impeached, removed from office, dying, 
refigning, or being abfent, was elecfed. Neither fanc- 
tioned, or controuled, by the vote of any privy council, 
the executive becomes refponfible for his own public 
conduct. And although he be authorized to require in-, 
formation, in writing, from all public officers in the ex, 

ecutive 



iS* A VIEW OP 

ccutive department, on any fubjeft relating to the du- 
ties of their refpeclive offices ; yet ii is with him alone, 
to decide or aft, on any interefting occurrence. 

His powers authorife him to command in chief, the 
army and navy of the ftate; and her militia, except when 
they fhall be called into the adtual fervice of thefe 
United States. Pie may grant reprieves and pardons^ 
after conviction (except in cafes of impeachment) in 
fuch manner, on fuch terms, and under fuch reftriclions 
as he fhall think proper ; and he may remit fines and 
forfeitures, unlefs otherwife directed by law. He may 
prohibit the exportation of provifions for any time, not 
exceeding thirty days. From time to time, his duty 
requires him to give information to the general afiem- 
bly of the condition of the ftate; and to recommend to 
their confideration fuch meafures, as he may judge 
neceffary or expedient. On extraordinary occafions 
he may convene the general aflembly ; and in cafe of 
difagreement between the two houfes, with refpecl to 
the time of adjournment, the power refts with him, of 
adjourning them to fuch time as he fhall think proper; 
not beyond the fourth Monday in the month of Novem- 
ber then next enfuing. In cafes of vacancy, he has the 
power of appointment to fuch vacant office, until the 
next meeting and fitting of the legiflature: among which, 
the appointment to any vacancy of fenator to the con- 
grefs of thefe United States, is by no means a matter of 
fmall concern. In fome few cafes he has the power of 
abfolute appointment to fubordinate offices, of fmall 
confideration ; but this power, has from time to time, 
been taken from the executive, by acls of the legifla- 
ture; until at prefent, little more remains of it than the 
name. 

The judicial power is vefted in fuch fuperior, and 
inferior courts of law and equity, as the legiflature 
fhall, from time to time, direct and eftablifh. At prefent, 
the courts of this ftate confift of a court of feffions and 

common 



SOUTH-CAROLINA 185 

common pleas for each diftricl: in the ftate, which are 
holden twice a year; firft in the fpring, and afterwards 
in th j autumn. Thefe courts, are courts of record; 
porTeMing complete, original and ftnal jurifdiclion, in all 
cafes touching the caufes and pleas concerning them; 
except as it may be altered by law, and in points of prac- 
tice by the rules of court. And they are diftributed into 
four circuits, called eaftern, wettern, northern, and 
iouthern circuits. At the conclufion of thefe circuits, 
the judges are directed by the conftitution to meet 
and lit at Columbia, for the purpofe of hearing and 
determining all moiions, which may be made for new 
trials, and in arreft of judgment; and fuch points of law, 
as may be fubmitted to them : and from thence, they 
a r e direcled to proceed to Charlefton, for fimilar pur- 
pofes. This court is therefore called the conftitutional 
court; and is the higheft court of law in the ftate. The 
diftriets are alfo divided into four equity circuits, cal- 
led the eaftern, northern, weftern and fouthem; for 
each of which a court of equity is holden once a year; 
except for thai part of the eaftern circuit, which com- 
prehends the united diftricls of Charlefton, Colleton 
and Beaufort, the court for which is holden in Charlef- 
ton, in the months of May and November; and that 
part of the northern circuit, relating to Kerfhaw dif- 
tri£t, the court for which is holden in the months of Fe- 
bruary and December, in every year. For the courts of 
feffions and common pleas, there are fix judges; and 
for the courts of equity, there are three judges ; all of 
whom hold their commiffions during good behavior : 
receiving a compenfaticn for their fervices, which can 
neither be increafed or diminifhed during their continu- 
ance in office. Befides thefe fuperior courts, others of 
ordinary are eftablifhed in each diftrift, throughout the 
ftate ; for each of which, judges of the fame are appoint- 
ed. In Charlefton a court has lately been originated by 
law, called the inferior city court* Its powers enable it 

f 



,g 4 A VIEW OF 

to hear and determine caufes of a civil nature^ anting 
within the limits of the city of Charlefton, and for 
the trial of all offences againft the bye-laws of the fame. 
It is made a court of record, and poffeffes concur- 
rent jurifdi£tion with the courts of feffions and com- 
mon pleas in certain cafes- provided that no verdift 
or judgment in the faid court, fhall exceed one thou- 
sand dollars, in any one a6lion } exclufive of cofts and 
charges; and that no title of land fhall he brought there 
into queftion. Thefe courts, thus eftablifhed, have 
produced much benefit to the people at large; by 
them diftributive juftice is brought as near the doors 
of individuals, as the public fervice, and local circum- 
stances, renders neceffary. By them civilization is pro- 
moted ; a due refpecl to government is produced ; 
and riotous paffions, which county courts* were not 
able to controul, are obliged to acknowledge obedi- 
ence to the diclates, flowing from thefe tribunals, found- 
ed on learning and independence. The public law bu- 
finefs is conducted by an attorney general and three 
circuit folicitors ; whofe attendance, on certain courts* 
is particularly affigned ■ and a particular part of the 
attorney general's duty, is to give his advice and opi- 
nion to the governor, in matters of public concern, 
where it may be required of him. Thefe, with many 
other articles and regulations of lefs import; and a de- 
claration of rights form our conftitution and govern- 
ment ; protecting the people in the due exercife of all 
rational liberty. For all power is by that constitution ex- 
pressly declared to be originally vested in the people ; 
and all free governments, to be founded on their author 
rity, and instituted for their peace, safety, and liappiness. 
In the year 1789, the feat of government was remo- 
ved from the city of Charlefton to Columbia ; and 
with it all the public records, except thofe relating to 

property, 

* By a£l of the legiflature of this ftate, paffed in l ygg, county courts are 
declared to be forever aboliflied. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. iSj 

property, within the diftri&s of Charlefton, George- 
town, and Beaufort. However, for the better conve- 
niency of the citizens, in the upper and lower parts of 
this Hate, the offices, attached to government, were di- 
vided in fuch manner, that the treafury, the office of 
ftate, and the furveyor general's office, were divided ; 
one of each to be holden at Columbia, and one at 
Charlefton. The office of (late, and the furveyor ge- 
neral's office, is conducted at one of thefe places by the 
head of that department, and at the other by a deputy ; 
but two treafurers are appointed by the Hate, one of 
whom refides at Columbia, and the other at Charlefton. 
Thefe lad mentioned officers, are under the diretlion of 
a comptroller general ; without whofe warrant no pay- 
ment, whatever, can be made from the treafury ; and 
who receives a duplicate receipt of the treafurer from 
each perfon paying money into the fame. The eftab- 
liftiment of this officer has been highly beneficial to the 
interefts of the ftate ; thoufands have been thereby 
fecuredj which otherwife would have been loft. And, 
had it been originated fame years fooner, many thou- 
fands would have been faved, which actually have been 
loft. The duties of the comptoller are to fuperintend, 
adjuft and fettle, all the former acounts of the treafur- 
ers and tax collectors, of this ftate, not already fettled, 
or adjufted ; to fuperintend the collection of the future 
revenue, and the fettlement, adjuftment, and preferva- 
tion of the public accounts; to direct and fuperintend 
profecutions for all delinquencies of all officers hereto- 
fore, or hereafter to be employed in the collection of 
the revenue ; and the enforcement of all or any execu- 
tion, or executions ilfued, or to be ifiued, for arrearages 
of taxes, and fuits for any debts, which may be due 
to the ftate ; to decide on the official forms of all papers 
relative to the collection of the public revenue; and to 
determine on the proper means to be adopted for the 
fafe keeping thereof and the manner and form of keep- 

Aa ing 



!86 A VIEW OF 

ing the accounts of perfons employed therein; to pre- 
pare and report at every feffion of the legiflature, efti- 
mates of the public revenue and public expenditure - T 
and, at the fame time, to render fair and accurate 
copies of all the treafurers monthly reports, and a true 
and accurate account of the aclual ftate of each de- 
partment of the treafury. And he has a right, at all 
feafonable times, to infpect the treafurer's books; alfo 
the books and accounts of all other perfons, concerned 
in the collection or fafe keeping of any of the public 
monies, or funds of this ftate ; and with the approba- 
tion of the governor, he may fufpend a tax collector for 
malfeafance in office. 

From the firft efiablifhment of Carolina, the com* 
mon law of Great Britain, as declared in law books and 
reports of cafes, was refpeQed by the courts eftablifh- 
ed : and as far as they fuited the fituation of the coun- 
try, ferved as a rule for their conduct. And in the 
year 1712, by an act of affembly, the common law of 
Great-Britain was exprefsly declared to be of force 
here ; as alfo many Britim Itatutes, which were therein 
particularly named. The habeas corpus act of Great- 
Britain, one of the beft privileges of a freeman, is alfo 
made of force in this ftate. And the power thereby of 
calling into gaol, is fo far controuled, that on a writ of 
habeas corpus being moved for before any judge, or 
court of competent juriidiction, the body of the per- 
fon will be brought from confinement; and the matter 
of his imprifonment investigated : and fhould the con- 
finement not be on lawful grounds, he will be immedi- 
ately difcharged. The ftatute of Charles the fecond, 
commonly called the ftatute of diftributions, was, alfo, 
one of thofe made of force by the above law. And s 
by virtue of its tenor, in cafe of inteftacv, all lands de- 
fcended to the eldeft fon, in exclufion of all the other 
children. But, however fuitable fuch defcents may be 
in times of monarchy, they were deemed unfuitable to 

republican 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. i8 7 

republican fentiments ; and, therefore, primogeniture 
rights have been abolifhed, and real and perfonal eftates 
defcend, now, by more equitable diflnbutions*: the 
powers of individuals remaining the fame, however, as 
refpefcis the making of laft wills and teftaments, as if the 
above laws had never been palled. Liberty being the 
firft principle of our government, it is never withholden 
from any infolvent debtor, when he faithfully delivers 
up all his effecls to his creditors. For this purpofe, on 
his petitioning the court, his cafe is considered ; and, 
if he have a£ted honeftly, he is releafed from his impri- 
fonment, and is forever difcharged againft all faeing cre- 
ditors; or thofe who receive a dividend of his ettate : 
and others, who did not fue him, are prohibited, by law, 
from doing fo, until twelve months alter his difcharge. 
Hence an opportunity is given him of retrieving his 
affairs ; and inftances could be adduced, of peribns, 
who in fuch cafes have been enabled to difcharge all 
their former debts, and ftill have fomethi handfome 
remaining for the fupport of themfelves and families. 
Tax laws are enacted from year to year by the legiflature- 
by which a fuitable revenue, for the fupport of govern- 
ment, is obtained. This will, however, be better ex- 
plained, when the revenue and expences of the ftate is 
confidered. For the prefent, it may be neceffary only 
to obferve, that the taxes are light, and by no means 
burdenfome; affording a fufficiency for the fupport of 
government, as well as for extraordinary and contingent 
demands; and leaving an overplus in the public treafury, 
which may be applied to many various and ufeful public 
purpofes throughout the ftate. 

Revenue. 

The revenue of South-Carolina, is derived from 
taxes annually impofed ; from the intereft of the paper 
medium loan ; from the intereft and inftalments of the 

Aa 2 debt 

* See a&s of aflembly for 1791, page 14. 



188 A VIEW OF 

debt due her, by thefe United States; and from other 
uncertain fources, not reducible to any general head. 

Frcm taxes, annually imposed. 

For this purpofe, the granted lands throughout the 
{late, are arranged under ten claffes, of different deno- 
minations ; founded on a fcale relating to their fituati- 
on, their quality, their contiguity to a market, their 
convenience to navigation, and their connexion with 
other circumftances, tending to render lands produc- 
tive and valuable. On thefe different valuations, a 
tax of twenty Eve cents, per centum ad valorem, is im- 
pofed. Fifty cents per head, are levied on all flaves ; 
two dollars per head, on all free negroes, mulattoes, and 
meflizoes, between the ages of fixteen and fifty years ; 
and twenty five cents, ad valorem, on every hundred 
dollars of the value of all lands, lots, and buildings, 
within any city, village, or borough ; and fifty cents, per 
centum, on all flock in trade, factorage, employments, 
faculties, and profeflions; (clergymen, fchool -mailers, 
fchool-miftreffes, mechanics, and charitable focieties ex- 
cepted;) to be afcertained and rated by the affeffors and tax 
collectors, throughout the flate; according to the befl 
of their knowledge and information. All abfent perfons, 
entitled to any taxable property, or eflate, within this 
ilate, (excepting thofe fern abroad in the employment 
of this flate, or thefe United States, until one year 
after the expiration or determination of his or their 
comraiffions ; or young men fent abroad for education, 
Until attaining the age of twenty three years,) are dou- 
ble taxed ; becaufe, as the flate receives no benefit 
from their fervices at home, it is fuppofed, but reafon- 
able, flie mould receive fome compenfation for protect- 
ing their eftates while abfent; and alfo, becaufe it will 
tend to difcourage long refidences of our citizens a- 
broad. Sums of money, at intereft, actually received, 
over and above what each perfon pays on account of 

intereft 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 189 

intereft (except when fuch intereft money is received by 
any widow, orphan, or unmarried woman, having no o- 
ther means of livelihood) are aflefled at the rate of twen- 
ty five cents on every hundred dollars, which (hall have 
produced an intereft of ie\iQn per cent; and a pro- 
portionate fum on all other fums of money, drawing 
lefs than feven per cent. Upon fales at public auttion — 
a tax of one per centum on all mips, boats, or other vef- 
fels ; lands, houfes and (laves; and three per centum on all 
horfes, cattle, goods, wares and merchandizes, is impofed. 
Hawkers, and pedlars, pay a tax of two hundred and 
fifty dollars for a licenfe to expofe goods, wares, or 
merchandizes, to fale in any part of the (late ; and the- 
atrical performers are taxed in a fum of four hundred 
and twenty eight dollars, fifty feven cents, for every 
licenfe granted in the city of Chariefton ; and one 
hundred and feven dollars, fourteen cents, for every 
licenfe granted elfewhere, in the ftate. 

From the intereft of the paper medium loan. 

This intereft is derived from a paper money, amount- 
ing to the fum of 100,000 pounds fterling; which was 
iffued by this ftate, in conformity to an aft of the 
legislature, pafled in the year 1785. And, which 
money is fecured, by a mortgage to the ftate, from the 
perfons borrowing the fame, of lands of three times, or 
a depofn of gold, or filver plate, of double the value; 
and, in this manner, it has been thrown into circulation. 
The borrowers paying the intereft of feven per centum, 
yearly on the fums they have received; and refunding 
the principal at fuch times, and by fuch inftalments, as 
the legiflature Ihall, by law, direft. From time, to 
time, this loan has been continued for the conveniency 
of the borrowers, on their paying up the intereft 
accrued, and giving fuch further fecurity as was deemed 
neceflary. And, at prefent, the loan is thus continued, by 
aft of the legifiature of 1801, to the year 1807. The 

intereft 



*9° 



A VIEW OF 



intereft of this paper medium, receivable by the ftate, 
was originally 7,000 pounds fterling per annum ; but 
the principal of the loan, has been reduced at various 
times, by the full payment of individuals, of the money 
borrowed ; or, by enforcing the payments of the 
monies borrowed, again ft the eftates of individuals, 
■who had made default relpefting the fame. The paper 
medium, in circulation, has alfo been reduced, by 
burning portions of the principal, which have been 
received into the treafury. 

Amount of medium, originally iffued, ^.100,000 fter. 

Burned from 179110 1798, inclu.^.37, 095 
Do. in 1799 - 1,206 

Do. in 1802 - - - 3,632 4**933 

£.58,067 

And, at prefent, the balance of the loan in circulati- 
on, amounts only to 58,067 pounds fterling, producing 
an annual intereft of 4064, 13, 9j or 17,420 dollars and 
iix cents. 

From the interest and instalments of the debt due to her, by these 

United States. 

The intereft and inftalments of the debt, due to 
this ftate, by thefe United States, was founded on the 
liquidation of the accounts of each ftate, at the clofe 
of our revolutionary war. At which time it appeared, 
1,447,173 dollars, and 60 cents, were due to this ftate. 
This is not, however, applied to her current ufes ; 
but, is fpecially appropriated by acls of the legiflature, 
of 1794 and 1795, for making fuch provifion for the 
debts of this ftate, as is therein fpecified. 

From other uncertain fources, not reducible to any general head. 

Other uncertain fources, not reducible to any general 
head, encreafe the revenues of the ftate. Such as 
ajrrears of taxes, fines and forfeitures, bounty on lands 

granted 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 



194 



granted, and the recovery, from time, to time, of 
different debts, which have been long due the ftate; 
and are fecured, and received, through the vigilance of 
the comptroller general's department. 

The taxes, thus impofed, are receivable only, in gold 
or hlver coin, made current in this ftate; the paper 
medium ; bank paper redeemable in the firft inftance in 
gold, or filver, at the bank of thefe United States, the 
branch bank thereof in Charlefton,* or the bank of 
South-Carolina,* or the ftate bank;* or, in certain 
certificates for the pay of the members of the legiflature, 
or the folicitors, for their attendance on the legislature. 

The appropriations of revenue are, firft, for paying 
falaries of the civil lift, and other expences of govern- 
ment, as fettled by law; and fecondly, for paying 
extraordinaries and contingent accounts. The expence 
of the firft is 72,278 dollars per annum ;t the latter is 
of fo varying a nature, that it cannot be mentioned 
with any precifion. In confequence of the American 
revolutionary war, the ftate of South- Carolina became 
indebted in a large amount, to individuals ; as well for 
fupplies of different kinds, which the neceffities of 
government required to be drawn from different parts 
of the ftate, and for which, indents to a large amount 
were iffued; as for debts contracted in Europe. Re- 
tributions alfo, from time, to time, were found proper 
to be made to fome, whofe eftates had been ha (lily 
confifcated, and taken from them, at the clofe of the 
war, without fufficient reafon. Thefe, with neceffary 
expences of building court-houfes, and gaols, through- 
out the ftate, have caufed a debt, which required the 

encreafe 

* Thefe banks, are all eftablifhed in the city of Charlefton. 

t To this fum, fhould alfo be added 428 dollars 57 cents, falary of the 
governor's meffenger, which is paid out of the contingent fund ; as no ap- 
propriation is made for the fame. 



i§a A VIEW OF 

encreafe of taxes to difcharge. And, by a prudent 
management of energies thence arifmg, our foreign 
debt, amounting in the whole, by eftimation, to 150,000 
dollars, is now completely provided for, by the purchafe 
of funded debt of this (late, and of thefe United States; 
fufficient to meet the capital and accumulating intereft 
of the foreign debt ; and which is preferved, and remains 
pledged, and fet apart, for the payment of the fame ;* 
Ourdomeftic debt is partly provided for, by funding 
it on the intereft and debt, due this flate by thefe United 
States ; and alfo by regiftering any overplus, outftand- 
ing claims againi! the ftate, which the above fum due 
this ftate, by thefe United States, was not equal to dif- 
charge ; our taxes are reduced, in fuch manner, as to 
be lightly impofed ; and by the comptroller's report to 
the legiflature, in 1801, it appeared there was a bal- 
lance of 583,744 dollars, 94 cents, 7 mills then remain- 
ing in favor of the ftate. t At prefent her fifcal fitua- 
tion is ftill more profperous ; as much of her domeftic 
debt has been purchaied up in behalf of the ftate ; by 
which fhe has gained the fum of 219,542 dollars, go 
cents ; and as there has been no neceility for expending 
all the monies appropriated by the tax law of the laft 
year. Confequently, it is prefumable, an handfome 
balance will be reported by the comptroller general to 
the legiflature, at its next feffion ; as being in the trea- 
fury, ready to meet any appropriations, which the 
public fervice may require. 

STATEMENT 



* See the comptroller's reports to the legiflature, for the years 1800 and 1801 } 
alfo tax law paffed in 1800, appropriating the fame, for the purpofe above 
mentioned. 

+ As the legiflature have lately paffed an aft:, extending the time for regiftering 
the debts of the ftate, not provided for under the funding afts of 1794, arrd 
1798, the amount of thofe debts will fomewhat effeft, this balance ; it may 
certainly, however, be eftimated at 500,000 dollars* 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 



193 



STATEMENT of monies paid at the treasury office, Charleston, for 
funded debt of SoUth-Carolina, redeemed. 



For stock bought in 


Dolls. \Cts. 
I 


Brought forward. 


217,123 


50 


1 796. September, paid. 


z 5'3'7|).-> 


i 799. January, /><2zV, 


17,99c 


S6 


October, 


10,232 35 


March, 


7>*34 


62 


November, 


8,008 


7? 


April, 


4,3* 7 


00 


I797. January, 


6,655 




May, 


339 


2 


February, 


39' 


54 


]une, 


3^32 


20 


March, 


i^/c 


50 


J»iy. 


1,932 


9 S 


April, 


".944 


7 


September, 


641 


13 


May, 


703 80 


November, 


1,066 


14 


June, 


2,-41.8 43 


December, 


6,295 


8 


July. 


23,409 


2 4 


1 §00. January, 


2,545 


90 


Auguft, 


6, 20 6 


«*! 


1801. May, 


7,428 


95 


October, 


16,557 


3 


June, 


3^344 


4i 


November, 


13,692 


35 


July, 


4,230 


27 


December, 


3,262 


5° 


Auguft, 


1,440 


42 


I798. January, 


5,667 


oq 


September, 


21,402 


79 


February, 


7,221 


4 


Oclober, 


16,090 


43 


March, 


8,022 


16 


December, 


8,139 


70 


April, 


12,050 


S 9 


1802. January, 


46,628 


l 7 


May, 


"4**34 


So 


February, 


1 1,090 


95 


June, 


348 


7 


March, 


13,759 


22 


J ,jJ y, 


12,924 


H 


April, 


4,600 


2 3 


Oftober, 


4,726 


15 


May, 


5,995 


41 


November, 


18,487 


9 8 


June, 


2 S7 


47 


December, 


2,808 


5 '3 


July, 
Total, Dolls, 1 


13*99' 


76 


Carried forward, 


217,123 


5° 


148,919 


2£ 



Amount of funded debt, per the above purchafes, to the credit 
ef the ftate, drawing intereft from July 1, 1802, viz. 

6 per cents. 309,541 19 

3 per cents. 217,362 79 

Deferred. 95,069 59 



Amount of ftcck, included in the above "*| 
purchafes, re-iflued in exchange for 6 ^> 
and three per cents, furplus certificates. J 

Total amount, purchafed from September, } 
1796, to July., 1802, both months incluiive,} 
Colt in money, per above Statement, 



Gain to the ftate, 



Dolls 



Dolls 



D»lls 



Bb 



621,973 57 
46,488 54 



668,462 1 1 
448,919 21 

219,542 9* 
Dollars 



*H 



A VIEW OF 



Dollars are valued, in this flate, at four Ihillings and 
eight pence fterling ; and all public accounts are kept in 
that money, By reference to this fcale, all other coins 
are valued. Thofe, which by a£t of the legislature are 
declared to be a legal tender, in law, are Spanifh milled 




tole, piftole, half piftole, Englifh guinea, half En- 
glifh guinea, quarter Englifh guinea, French guinea, 
French crown, Englifh crown, piltereen, German piece, 
half German piece, and ducat ;* and all the coins of 
thefe United States are, of courfe, a tender in law, 
throughout all parts of this union. 

Eftimate of fupplies, required for the fupport of 
government, in the year one thoufand eight hundred 
and one. 

Salaries, and ether expnses, as settled by law. 

Dolls. 

Governor's falary, 2,572 

Secretary to the governor, 430 

Six judges of the courts of law, each 

2,572 dollars, *5>43 2 

Three judges of the court of equity, 

each 2,144 dollars, 6,432 

Attorney general, for giving advice to 

the governor, and other public offi- 
cers, in matters of public concern, in 

addition to his other duties, 860 

Three circuit folicitors, each 500 dollars, i?500 

Clerk of the court at Columbia, 140 

Clerk of the court at Charlefton, 140 

Sheriff of Richland, for attending on 

the conftitutional court at Columbia, 50 

Sheriff of Charlefton, for attending on 

the conftitutional court at Charlefton, 50 



See Grimke's laws of South-Carolina, page 314. 



Expenfes 



SOUTH-CAROL /N A. 19$ 

Dolls, 

Expenfes of the members of the legif- 

flature, at the prefent SeSGon, and pay 

of the Solicitors attending the legis- 
lature, 10,500 
Clerk of the fenate, and clerk of the 

houfe of reprefentatives, each 1,230 

dollars, 2,460 

Two meifengers, each 216 dollars, 432 

Two door-keepers, ea,ch 216 dollars, 432 

For extra Services to Benjamin Hicks, 

meffenger to the fenate, 50 

Keeper of the (late-houSe at Columbia, 

his Salary fixed at, 130 

Comptroller's Salary, 2,500 

Comptroller's clerks and Stationary, 1,600" 

Treasurer in Charlefton, for falary as 

treafurer, and for tranfafting the buli- 

neSs oS the loan office, and clerks, 2,658 

TreaSurer in Columbia, his Salary, 15290 

Clerk to the treaSurer in Columbia, 400 

Adjutant general, i?500 

Nine brigade inSpe£tors, each 216 dolls. *>944 

ArSenal keeper, and powder receiver, in 

Charlelton, 216 

ArSenal keeper, and powder receiver, at 

Abbeville court-houSe, 50 

Arfenal keepers, and powder receivers, 

for Camden, Georgetown, and Beau- 
fort, each 50 dollars, 150 
Contingent fund, Subject to the governor's 

draft, he to fubmit an annual account 

of expenditure, 6,000 

Port phyfician's Salary, 6^0 

State printers Salary, 1*158 

Pilot for bar and harbour of Georgetown, 322 

Annuities, 4^500 

Bb 2 Tranfient 



a 9 6 A VIEW OF 

Dolls. 
Tranfient poor, payable to the council 

of Charlefton, 4> 2 3° 

Salary of the keeper of the lazaretto 

of the port of Charlefton, 500 

For expences for carrying into effect 

the quarantine law, 1,000 

72,278 



Ci'vil divisions. 

It would be unneceftary to trace the many divifions 
into which South Carolina has been thrown, at diffe- 
rent periods, from its early fettlement, to the prefent 
day. This much may, however, be faid, that the 
fame caufe, from that time to this, has invaiiably pro- 
duced the fame effeci; and with the encreafe of popu- 
lation, new election diftricls, and new judicatures have 
conftantly arifen. In the year 1769, the population of 
the ftate<had fo encreafed; and the grievance of attend- 
ing the fittings of courts, only in Charlefton, had be- 
come fo great, that in the interior parts of the ftate, 
people were led, fometimes, to take the law into their 
own hands, againft rogues who robbed them of their 
property, or againft villains who threatened the fafety 
of their perfons. Hence affociations were made, under 
the denomination of regulators ; who, rather than tra- 
vel all the way to Charlefton, for the purpofe of car- 
rying on profecutions in the courts of law, infli&ed 
luminary punifhment on all trefpafters on their perfons 3 
or properties. Evils were hence produced, incompa- 
tible with civil government ; and an aft was therefore 
pafied, commonly called the circuit court act 9 which 
originated feveral diftrict. courts throughout the ftate ; 
by which government became more efficient; and juf- 
|ice was brought nearer the habitations of each indivi- 
dual. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 



197 



dual. This fyftem lafted until after the American re- 
volution ; when, in the year 1789, it was further ame- 
liorated, by inveftirig the circuit courts with complete, 
original, and final jurifdifltion ; for before that time, 
they were only conhdered as courts of nisi print; all 
procefs being originated at Charlelton, anu ieiurna- 
b!e thereto. But as population enereHiea, fofheju- 
rifdiclion of thefe circuit courts were foi d, by 
much, too extenhve for the convenience of the people. 
And in the upper country, which had now nuch en- 
creafed in numbers, it became neceftary, during the 
year 1791 , to originate two other diftrids and circuit 
courts. For fome years, the irate was thus diftribu- 
ted into nine diftrifctsj and the public jiiftice was admi- 
niftered from a court, holden in each, at certain times 
accordingly. Population continued (till to crowd on; 
and thefe divifions of the ftate, were again found too 
large for the public convenience. In fo much, that 
the whole of the (late was fubdivjded, in the year 1798, 
into twenty four diltrifls, under which fyitem the 
courts conftituted in each, went into operation in the 
year 1800. And lince that period, a part of one of 
thefe diftrich has, in the year 1801, been partitioned 
off into another diftriCr, making, in the whole, twenty 
five diftricls, comprehending the prefent great civil 
divifions of this Hate ; and being fufficiently fmall to 
meet the convenience of the people; it is probable they 
will remain unaltered for a length of time. The names 
©f thefe diftricls are : 



Ji. 


Abbeville, 


V "9- 


York, 


~-2. 


Edgefield, 


- 10 - 


Che Iter, 


3- 


Newberry, 


11. 


Lancafter, 


4- 


Laurens, 


12. 


Fairfield, 


5- 


Pendleton, 


I *3- 


Kerfhaw, 


6. 


Greenville, 


u*4- 


Chefterfield, 


7- 


Spartanburgh, 


U*5f 


Marlborough, 


S. 


U nion, 


L /i6. 


Darlington, 

17. Sumter, 



i S S A VIEW OF 

17. Sumter, 22. Colleton, 

<"iB. Marion, ^3. Beaufort, 

19. Horry, 24. Barnwell, 

20. Georgetown, 25. Orangeburgh. 

21. Charlefton, 

Befrdes thefe large difiri£h, the ftate is divided into 
counties and panihes; for the better regulation of 
roads, adiftance to the poor, and matters of other lo- 
cal police. And, at certain places within thefe coun^ 
ties and parilhes, elections are, holden, once every two 
years, for members to repreferit the fame in the legis- 
lature of this ftate ; and for a member to the houfe of 
representatives in the congrefs of thefe United States, 
to reprefent the fame, for the reprefentative diftritl:, in 
in which fuch county, or pariih, may be fituatecj. 

Cities and Towns. 

The cities and towns of South-Carolina are not 
many ; of thefe, the city of Charlefton is the metropo- 
lis of the ftate. 

Charlefton, by rneafurement, is about three fourths 
of a mile wide, and a mile and one-fourth long. Its 
iituation is on a point of land, at the confluence of 
Afhley and Cooper rivers ; whofe waters form a capa- 
cious road, or harbour, between the city and the At- 
lantic ocean; from which it is diftant about eight 
miles. Hence, the fea is laid open from eaft to fouth- 
eaft ; and the city is fanned by gentle breezes, coming 
from thence, in i'ummer, about eleven o'clock, A. M. 
and continuing until fun fet. A calm then takes place 
for a few hours; after which, a land breeze is obferved 
to rife, and blow towards the ocean until morning. 
They are, however, not ftrong ; and are only obferv- 
able in hot weather. Hence they are not comparable 
with thofe originated in more fouthern latitudes. This 
city, formerly called Charleftown, was fo named after 
Charles the fecond, king of Great Britain; during 

whofe 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 



*9? 



whofe reign, it was founded, in the year 1679.* Be- 
fore that time, a fettlement had been effected on the 
fouthern fhore of Afhley river, in the year 167 i,t 
which was aifo called Charleftown. And its fire i.: 
now known, as part of a plantation called Old Town^ 
belonging to Mr. Elias Lynch Horry. 

Thefe two fettlements, going by the fame :r<rne, 
have led to miftakes in the hiftories of South-Carolinat 
Hewitt, in his anonymous hiftory, Ramfay in his re- 
volution of South-Carolina; and all other authors, 
who have written on their authority, have ftated, that 
the firft efficient fettlement in Carolina, was made on. 
the neck of land between Afhley and Cooper rivers, 
where the city now ftands ; the facl is, however, other- 
wife. We have Chalmers's authority for faying, that 
the firft fettlement took place at Port Royal j and that 
the fecond took place on the banks of Afhley river; 
where, in the year 1671, the foundations of Old 
Charlestown, were laid ; which became for fome years, 
the capital of the fouthern fettlements. £ He fays, it is 
thus, that letters of the lords proprietors are to be un- 
derftood; which, as early as 1674, were addreffed to 
the governor and council at Ashley river.§ Had not 
this, however, been already noted in hiftory, tradi- 
tion relates the effecting fuch fettlement on the fouth- 
ern fide of Afhley river, at Mr. Horry's plantation ; 
and if any thing more be necefTary, it is completely 
proven, by feveral grants of land in that vicinity; all of 
which bound on Old Charlestown, or Old Town Creek. 
Among thefe James Le Sadd had a grant, on the 8th 
September, 1696, for 100 acres of land, fituated in 
Berkley county, on the fouth fide of Afliley river; buttin^ 
to the north on J. Clifford, to the fouth on Old Town 

Creek 

* Chalmers's political annals, page g\i. 
+ Ibid, page 530. 

$ Ibid - P a g e 53°- 
V Ibid, page 556, 



iao 



A VIEW Of 



Creek, and on the eaft on lands of the faid James Le 
Sadd. On the 9th of September, 1696, he obtained 
another grant for fixty-five acres of land, fituated in 
Berkely county, on the fouth fide of Afhley river; 
bounded to the eaft ward and weftward, by Old Charles- 
town; and, on the 30th September, 1696, he obtained 
another grant of two hundred and forty acres of land, 
fituated in Berkley county, on the fouth fide of Old 
Charlestown Creek; comprehending the identical point 
of land on which Old Charlefton had been formerly 
fituated.* No traces of a town, are, however, to be 
feen there; except a fmall hollow, mnning direclly 
acrofs the point of land, on which the town flood ; 
faid by tradition, to have been a wide ditch, made for 
the purpofe of defence again!! Indians. It is fo filled 
up by the courle of time, and by the induftry of the 
fucceihve owners of the foil, that but little of it can 
now be feen ; enough, however, appears, to fhew its di- 
rection ; which can be traced quite acrofs the point of 
land, where Old Charlefton was fituated. 

It was foon found, that this original fettlement was 
badly adapted, to purpofes of commerce; as veffels of 
large burden, could not, with conveniency, approach 
it. In the year 1679, under the government of colonel 
Weft, people were therefore encouraged by the lords 
proprietors to remove " to Oyster Point, fo delightfully 
44 formed by the confluence of the rivers Afhley and 
44 Cooper. Arid, in the fubfequent year, the foundation 
44 was laid of Charlefton, fo famous for the regularity 
44 of its ftreets, the extent of its commerce, the elegance 

44 of its inhabitants; and during this year, thirty houfes 

45 were built. "t In the year 1783, it was incorporated by 
a£tof the legiflature; and was therein called the city of 
Charleston. It was alio then divided into thirteen 
wards, each of which annually choofe a warden by 

ballot; 

* See Public Records in the Secretary of States officei at Charlefton. 
+ Chalmers's Political Annals, Page 54.1. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. sol 

ballot ', and from the whole of the. wardens fo chofen, 
an intendant is afterwards eleBed by the citizens. Thefe 
form a council for the government of the city ; by 
which all ordinances are pad for its regulation. Its 
police is enforced by a city guard, under the command 
of a captain, and other officers ; and with the incorpo- 
ration of the city, additional taxes are laid on its 
citizens for fupporting the expence of the fame, a- 
mounting, annually, to not lefs than 60,000 dollars. 

The fite of Charlefton is generally level ; being only 
a few feet above the height of fpring tides. Its ftreets 1 
extend eaft and weft, from Cooper to A fh ley rivers ; 
others interfering them, nearly at right angles, from 
north to fouth ;* and, from its open expofure to the 
ocean, it is fubjeBed to ftorms and inundations, which 
affect the fecurity of its harbour. Thefe accidents, 
whenever they happen, are generally at the equinoxes; 
particularly at the autumnal one. And th^y were, for- 
merly, fo much expected, that as early as the year 1694, 
an act of aflembly was paffed to prevent the fea's fur- 
ther encroachment on the wharves of Charlefton. And 
veflels, at thofe times, were prohibited from laying at 
the wharves, from the laft of July to the fifteenth of 
September ; except fuch as arrived with goods and mer- 
chandize, which were permitted to haul to, not exceed- 
ing ten working days, for the purpofe of landing them. 
This precaution is now unattended to, although the rea- 
fon, which originally directed it, be not wi harawn : and, 
in blowing weather, veflels receive much injury, by 
not obferving this prudent regulation. Mankind are 
carelefs of dangers, which feldom prefcnt themfelves; 
and, finding that hurricanes do not often vifit the fbores 
of Carolina, the crews of veffcls rather take the chance 
of riding out the winds, hazarding the danger ot beat- 

Cc ing 

* The firft act of afTembly, which is known to have been pafTcd, for clearing 
the lots and ftreets of Ch rlefton, and for the fettlement and regulation of a 
ftightly wa ch therein, was in the year 1685. See titles to the laws, in Grim* 
he's laws of Sout/i-Cerolins, page v. 



sos A VIEW OF 

ing againft the wharves, than by a little trouble to retire 
up Amley-river, to places of fafety. But, in the revo- 
lutions of time, periods arrive, which recal the chelates 
of prudence with force to the human mind ; often too 
late to prevent the impending misfortune. This was 
fully evinced bythe mifchiefs attending the hurricanes, 
which took place at.Charleif.on, during the years 1699, 
1728, and 1752; each of which laid the town underwater; 
obliging the inhabitants to retire to the higher {lories of 
their dwelling houfes ; and damaging fortifications, hou- 
fes, wharves, {hipping, and merchandize to a confider- 
able amount.* 

The hurricane of 1752, exceeded in violence any 
which had taken place before it, within the recollection 
of the inhabitants. This happened in the month of Sep- 
tember; and u in the night before, it was obferved by 
44 the inhabitants, that the wind at nonh-eait began to 
64 blow hard, and continued encreafing in violence till 
44 next morning. Then the fky appeared wild and 
" cloudy, and it began to drizzle and rain. About 
44 nine o'clock the Hood came rolling in with great 
44 impetuofity, and in a little time rofe ten feet above 
64 high water mark at the higheft tides. As ufual, 
44 in fuch cafes, the town was overflown, and the flreets 
44 were covered with boats, boards, and wrecks of hou- 
44 fes and iliips. Before eleven all the (hips in the har- 
" bour were driven afhore, and {loops and fchooners 
44 were dafhing againft the houfes of Bay-ftreet, in 
44 which great quantities of goods were damaged and 
44 deffroyed. Except the Hornet man of war, which 
44 by cutting away her mails, rode out the ftorm, no 
44 veflel efcaped being damaged or wrecked. The tre- 
44 mor and confirmation which feized the inhabitants, 
44 may be more eaiily conceived than expreifed. Find- 
44 ing themfelves in the mid ft of a tempetluous fea, and 

44 expecling 

* See Hewitt's anonymous hifiory of South-Carolina, vol. I. pages 142 and 317, 
alfo vol. II, page 180. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 



£0$ 



* s expelling the tide to flow till one o'clock, its ufual 
** hour, at eleven they retired to the upper (lories of 
" their houfes, and there remained, defpairing of life. 
*' At this critical time, Providence, however, merci- 
64 fully interpofed, and furprized them with a fudden 
cc and unexpected deliverance. Soon after eleven the 
" wind fhifted, in confequence of which the waters fell 
<{ five feet in the fpace of ten minutes, By this happy 
si change, the gulph ft ream, Hemmed by the violent 
66 blaft, had freedom to run in its ufual courfe, and the 
6i town was faved from imminent danger and deftru&ion. 
" Had the water continued to rife, and the tide to flow 
66 until its ufual hour, every inhabitant of Charlefton 
« mud have perifhed. Almoft all the tiled and dated 
" houfes were uncovered, feveral perfons were hurt, 
" and fome were drowned. The fortifications, and 
" wharves, were almoft entirely demolifhed: the provi- 
" fions in the field, in the maritime parts were deftroy- 
" ed, and numbers of cattle and hogs perifhed in the 
** waters. The peft-houfe, on Sullivan's-ifland, built 
*' of wood, with fifteen perfons in it, was carried feve- 
" ral miles up Cooper-river, and nine out of the fif- 
<c teen were drowned*." Thefe fevere ftorms are al- 
ways preceded by dry and hot fummers, whereby the 
atmofphere becomes extremely rarified; eafily admit- 
ting the penetration of denier atmofphere from northern 
latitudes. Such was the cafe in 1752; and fince that 
time, in the year 1797, a very dry and hot fummer 
was likewife followed, in Sept. by a ftorm, beginning 
in the night, and increafing until morning to an alarm- 
ing degree. The tide role fome feet above its ufual 
height, and began to overflow the wharves and lower 
parts of the city. Veffels were damaged and driven 
from their moorings ; and tiled and flated houfes began 
to be uncovered. The wind, however, fortunately 
changed, and blew the waters back again to the ocean, 

Cc 2 In 

* Hewitt's anonymous hijiory of South-Carolina, vol- jj, page 18c* 



go* A VIEW OF 

In other years, when the feafons are regular, and rains, 
from time to time, temper the heats of the atmofphere; 
the equinoctial winds bring with them no deitruQion ; ef- 
fecting only a natural, and wholefome change of cli- 
mate. And hence rules of conduct, in a great meafure, 
may be drawn for guarding againft thefe dangers, by 
preparing for them in dry fummers; but in wet ones 
not expecting their approach. 

Norareftorms the only calamities which have hap- 
pened to this city. The years 1699, 1740,* 1778, 
an! 1796, are memorable seras, in its hiftory, of the 
drea.ilcil vifitatio 1 of fire; the iaft being molt within 
our recollection, may not be uninterefting to relate. 
On Monday, in June, 1796, at three o'clock in the 
afternoon, a room 111 Lodge-alley was difcovered to be 
on fire ; which in a few minutes communicated to the 
adjacent buildings. It fo increafed, that the utmoft 
exertions of the citizens could not flay its devouring 
flames, u nil three o'clock in the morning; nor, until 
a conliderable part of the city was deftroyed. The 
wind being from the eaft blew the fire over the town 
towards Meeting-ftreet ; and, at the moment, when 
houfes were taking fire on the weftern fide of Meeting- 
ftreet, the wind providentially changed about and blew 
from the welt. Had this not have happened, it is fup- 
poied the conflagration would not have ceafed until it 
reached the vicinity of Afhley river; as coals of fire, 
driven by the wind in that direction, were falling on 
the tops of the houfes, and into the river. Every houfe, 
in Q teen-ftreet, from the bay to the corner of Church- 
ftreet, with only three exceptions, were deftroyed. All 
Union-ltreet, continued; two-thirds of Union-ftreet, 
KinlocnVcourt, Cnurch iireet, from Broad-ftreet, to St. 
Phi ip's church, with only five exceptions; Chalmers's 
and iierresford's alleys; the north fide of Broad-ftreet, 

from 

* See PL: witt's anonymous hiftory of South-Carolina, vol, I, page 142, and 
Tol. II, page 83. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. * #i 

from the beef market to four doors below Church 
ftreet ; and five houfes on the bay from Oueen-ftreet, 
were burnt to the ground. The public buildings, def- 
troyed in this conflagration, were the French church, 
and beef market; the former of which, with feveral houfes, 
were blown up with gunpowder, to check the flames. 
St. Philip's church was feveral times on fire, and ul- 
timately mud have been confumed, had not a fpirited 
negro man difengaged the mingles, which were in 
flames on the fummit of its cupola. Five hundred 
chimnies were counted, from which the houfes had been 
burnt; and feven hundred thoufand dollars, is fuppofed, 
would be unequal to the value of thefe buildings de- 
stroyed. The goods and furniture, which perifhed in 
the flames, were to a large amount ; and feveral lives 
were lolt in the confufion which cnfued. All this 
part of the city is, however, nearly rebuilt ; generally 
with better houfes, than thofe which had been confu- 
med ; and to guard againft fuch extenfive injuries in 
future, many of the new buildings are of brick, cover- 
ed with flate or tile. 

Among the many laws which have been pafied for 
the protection of Charlefton, a wall was directed to 
be built from Craven's to Granville's battion ;* the 
foundation of which {fill remains along the whole line of 
Eafl-Bay. This is an honourable teitimony of the in- 
duftry of our citizens ; who have not only ftretched 
land beyond it, nearly to the channel of Cooper river; 
but, who have, alfo, conftrueled elegant buildings there- 
on, equal, perhaps, of their kind, to any in thefe Uni- 
ted States. On the other hand, towards the land fide, 
the city continually encreafes its bounds into the adja- 
cent country. Wiinefs the orphan-houfe, which now 
ftands upon fome of the grounds, where the horn work 
was formerly fituated ; well known as the ftrongeft forti- 
fication on the lines of Charlefton, when it was befieged 

by 

* Set Trott's laws of South-Carolina, page 433. 



S0 5 A VIEW OF 

by fir Henry Clinton, in 1780. Nothing now remains 
of this horn work, but what fome of the citizens have 
preferved, either as a wall to their lots, or, as incorpo- 
rated into fome part of their buildings. Of the wet 
ditch, which was in front of it, fo wide and deep, as 
fcarcely ever to be dry, not a veftige remains ; and hou- 
fes and gardens cover, the fite, on which it formerly 
flood. Towards Cooper river, and connected with the 
city, many houfes have been ere&ed ; where, during our 
revolutionary war, intrenchments had been made • and 
towards Afhley-river a fimilar increafe of buildings has 
taken place; feveral wind faw mills have been erecled ; 
and the marines, which extended on that fide along the 
old lines, are converted into large fait water refervoirs, 
for the purpofe of working water faw mills. In this 
manner has Charlefton increafed, from when it had 
only thirty houfes, to the time Mr. Hewitt wrote; 
when he fays it confided of at lead twelve hundred 
dwelling houfes.* And in the fpace of twenty three 
years from that time, its buildings are now more than 
doubled ; and it now contains upwards of two thoufand 
fix hundred dwelling houfes ; befides tobacco infpec- 
tions, ftore houfes along its wharves, and other houfes 
not inhabited. 

Six miles below Charlefton, a fettlement has been 
effected on Sullivan's ifland ; called Moultrie-ville, after 
Major General William Moultrie ; who, from a fort 
on that ifland, in June, 1776, defeated a Britifh naval 
armament commanded by fir Peter Parker. Its firft 
commencement, was about the year 1791; when the 
legiflature pafTed a refolution permitting people to build 
there, on half acre lots; fubjett, however, to the con- 
dition of their being removed, whenever demanded; by 
the governor or commander in chief. Almoft every part 
of this ifland (which is near three miles long) is now lo- 
cated ; and it contains, atprefent,near two hundred dwel- 
ling 

* Hewitt's anonymous hi/lory of South-Carolina Vol. lid. page 290. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 



toy 



ling houfes, beiides kitchens and out offices. This place 
is little reforted to during the winter and fpring ; but, 
in the' fummer, and autumn, numbers of people refide 
there, for pleafure or health; and packet-boats are ply- 
ing, at all hours, between it and Charlefton. Along the 
hard beach of this ifland, its inhabitants enjoy the a- 
mufements of walking or riding ; while the ocean incef- 
fantly breaks its waves at their feet, and veffels pafs 
within two or three hundred yards of the fhore. This 
fmall ifland was in in its native woods, until the year 
1700*, when an a£i of afTembly was pafied, directing 
them to be cleared and cut down; except fome remaik- 
able trees, which were left Handing as marks for pilots. 
From that time, it has been more particularly noted by 
events, which took place during the American revolu- 
tionary war; and it is now among the moil numerouf- 
ly fettled towns in this ftate. 

Georgetown is fituated on a point of land, between 
Sampit-creek, and Georgetown bay. It is fo called, 
as being the capital of Prince George's parifh ; thus 
named after Prince George of England ; and about the 
year 1721 it rofe into notice, when the parifh was 
conflitutedadiftin6l fettlement from St. James's, Santee, 
by a£l of the legiflature. It confifts of three or four 
hundred dwelling houfes, befides (lores and other build, 
ings ; and its police is regulated by commiffioners, ap- 
pointed by the legiflature for that purpofet. This town 
is retired about thirteen miles from the fea; and veffels 
drawing more than twelve feet water, cannot, fafely, en- 
ter its harbour. It enjoys, however, many advantages, 
which tend to make its citizens independent and weal- 
thy ; as may be perceived by considering its fituation 
on the map, either for inland or foreign commerce. 
During the American revolutionary war, this town fuf- 
fered confiderably by the fire from a Britifh armed vef- 

felj 

* See Trott's laws of South-Carolina, page 81. 
+ See a&s of th« legiflature, paflcd in 179 1» 



S0 S A VIEW OF 

fel j which laid a great part of it in allies. Bat like other 
fettlements, which have fuffertd by fire, it prefents 
better houfes at this time, than thofe which were de- 
ftroyed. On North-ifland, which is at the mouth of 
its bay, a fmall fettlement is effected, fimilar to what 
has been already noted, on Sullivan's-ifland j and du- 
rin- the autumnal months, forne of its inhabitants re- 
fide there, for purpofes of health and pleafure. 

The town of Beaufort is f tuated on Port Royal-if- 
land,* about fixteen miles from the ocean. It is pre- 
fumable, it was fo called from Henry, duke of Beau- 
ford, who was one of the lords proprietors of this Irate, 
when it was a province of Great Britain. This pre- 
emption is corroborated by its being called Beaujord, 
in laws palled about the year 1717,^ before which 
time a fort had been eftablifhed there, as a place of 
fecurity to the inhabitants againft the Spaniards and 
Yamaffee Indians. It was fometimes alfo called, in the 
laws, " the garrison at Port Royal.'" The protection 
flowing from the eftablifhment of a garrifon at this 
place, naturally led to the fettling of a town; and 
hence the name of Beaufort or Beauford, has extend- 
ed from the fort to the houfes which were conneQed 
with it. It contains betwixt one and two hundred 
dwelling houfes, fome of which are large and orna- 
mental ; and is laid out by a regular plan, on a rifng 
ground, adjacent to Port-Royal river.J We have be- 
fore obferved, that the firft efficient fettlement of this 
ftate, and which was under the direction of governor 
Sayle, was deflined to this port, and actually arrived 
here; but was afterwards removed to the fouthem 

bank 

* This ifland has been lately called, by fome of our laws, Port Republican- 
island; but they do not exprefs the fame, in exclufion of its frrmer name 
of Port-Royal-island, by which it is beft known, both in this ftate, and is 
hifiory. See laws of 1795, page, 38. 

t See Trotts laws of South-Carolina, page, 308. 

£ This river has lately been called, in fome of our laws, Port Republic ha?» 
Vour, &c, not in exclusion of its former name. See laws of j 797, page 13«j« 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 209 

bank of Afhley river. After that time, a colony was 
led to this part of the ftate, about the year 1682, by 
lord Cardrois, from Scotland. Which, claiming, by 
fome agreement with the lords proprietors, co-ordinate 
powers with the government at Charlefton, was com- 
pelled, with circumftances of outrage, to acknowledge 
lubmiffion. Andj afterwards, having provoked the Spa- 
niards, at St.Auguftine, by exciting the Indians againft 
them ; they invaded this fouthern frontier, towards the 
end of ths year 1686; and laid wafte the fettlement at 
Port-Royal.* The governmental feal, ufed for this fet- 
tlement, was carried to Scotland; and in the year 1793 
it was politely fent over to this ftate, by the Earl of 
Buchan, and prefented to the governor, as an obje6l of 
curiofity 5 and as fuch, it is now placed in the mufeum 
of the Charlefton library. The harbour of this town, 
and the approaches to it, are among the beft of theie 
United States; and where the largeft veffels of war may 
ride in fafety. Should any repairs be rendered necefTa- 
iy to mips reforting thither; live oak, cedar, pine, 
pitch, tar, and turpentine of excellent quality, may be 
there obtained : and with difpatch, they may either 
return to fouthern latitudes, or may cruife along the 
gulph ftream, running a few leagues from the fhore ; 
and there meet the riches of the two Indies, or of 
South-America. 

Cambridge isfituated in Abbeville diftricl, on thefum- 
mit of eafy rifing grounds, compofed of red clay. This 
foil is of fo tenacious a nature, that the mine, which 
General Greene caufed to be made in 1782, towards 
the Britifh ftar redoubt, remains ftill entire ; although 
its arch was not more than three or four feet below the 
furface of the land; and although its whole courfe was 
entirely unfupported by any kind of frame work. This 
fettlement was firft commenced by the ereclion of a 

Dd fort 

* Chalmefs Political Annals, pages 543, 547. Also Hewitt's anonymous history 
«f South-Carolina , vol. I,- page 89. 



fio A VIEW OF 

fort at this place, for the protection of the frontier fet- 
dements : it was called Ninety-Six, as this ftation was 
about that number of miles from the Cherokee Indians * 
And, in the courfe of time, it encouraged the fettling of 
a town near that fpot, partaking of the name of the fort; 
but which has been changed, in 1787, by an ad of the 
legiflature, to Cambridge. It confifts of a few dwell- 
ing-houfes and ftores; and is more noted for events, 
which have taken place, in that part of this ftate, during 
its original fettlement, and the American revolutionary 
war, than for any particular advantage which it pof- 
feffes. 

Orangeburgh is fituated adjacent to the north fork of 
Edifto river, eighty miles from Charlefton ; on a dry 
elevation, gently rifing from the river ; and confifts of 
a court-houfe, a gaol, and feveral {lores and dwelling- 
houfes. In times of frefh, lumber, and other articles 
for fale, are brought from thence by water to Charlefton. 

Gran by is fituated on the fouthern fide of the Con- 
garee river, a little below the confluence of Broad and 
Saluda rivers, and near three miles &om Columbia. 
For the moft part, its fite is on a level plain; but the 
upper end of it is on the high lands, commencing with 
the upper country. Placed at the head of the naviga- 
tion, this town is the depot of a great part of the pro- 
duce of the upper country ; and boats of feventy tons 
often depart, From hence to Charlefton, with tobacco, 
cotton, manufactured ropes, Indian corn, bees-wax, 
and other articles, returning with fait, and fuch mer- 
chandize, as the wants of an interior country, necefla- 
rily require. 

Camden is the chief town in Kerfhaw diftrift ; and 
is fituated about one mile eaftward of the Watteree 
river, on pleafant rifing grounds. It its regularly laid 
out, with ftreets interfering each other at right angles ; 
having a large public fquare in the center ; and was in- 
corporated 

* Adair"" s History of the American Indians, page 244.. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. sit 

corporated by an aft: of the legiflature in 1791 ; under 
which its police is now regulated by an intendant and four 
wardens, who are annually chofen by ballot from amongft 
the citizens. This town contains about two hundred 
dwelling-houfes; is fomewhat larger than Granby; and 
like that, is iiiuated at the head of the navigation of 
the Watteree river. In its vicinity are three excellent 
flour mills ; and the demand which they originate for 
wheat, greatly promotes the growth of that article through- 
out the adjacent country ; particularly in the Waxfaw 
fettlement : and even encourages the bringing it from 
North-Carolina. And hence a new and clear article of 
export of superfine wheat flour* is added to the enume- 
rated riches of this ft ate. This town is particularly noted, 
in the hiftory of the American war, as being long the 
object of contending parties ; and, according to the 
changes of fortune, it was a rallying point for either 
whigs or tories. Two fevere engagements were fought 
in its vicinity, by the American and Britifh armies. 
In the one. General Greene received a partial check from 
Lord Rawdon ; and in the other, General Gates was 
defeated ; and thofe laurels which had bloomed around 
his head, by capturing General Burgoyne, were taken 
from him to adorn the temples of a fortunate Corn- 
wallis. 

Columbia is the feat of government of this Hate; 
and its fituation is juft below the confluence of Broad 
and Saluda rivers, on the eafiern fide of the Congaree 
river. It was fo called by a£t of aUembly in 1786; 
at which time meafures were taken for the hrft fettling 
of the town : and the departments of government met 
therein December, 1789; and continue to do fo at 
Hated periods. This town is laid off by a regular plan ; 
its ftreets interfering each other at right angles. The 
buildings are erefted about three quarters of a mile from 
the Congaree, on a ridge of high land, near three hun- 
dred feet above the level of that river; from which a 

Dd 2 delightful 



$13 A VIEW OF 

delightful profpeft is prefentcd. Here the ftate-houfe, 
fituated on a beautiful eminence, i to be feen, at the 
diftance of many miles, from various parts of the coun- 
try. And foon, we hope, the South-Carolina College 
•will rife an ornament to the town ; refpeclable from 
its eftablifhment* ; but ftill more from the learning 
and friendlhip, which a national inftitution, like this, 
cannot fail to promote among the youth fiom all 
parts of this ftate ; an object, particularly defireable to 
all true lovers of their country. Some fuccefsful at- 
tempts have been made, at Columbia, in raifing grapes 
and making wine; and a few calks of this grateful li- 
quor have been there made by Mr. Benjamin Waring ; 
whofe flavor was agreeable, and not unlike Sicily wine. 
To this gentleman, alfo, the public is indebted for the 
erection of an oil mill in Columbia; by which, from a 
bufhel of cotton feed, he extracts half a gallon of oil. 
And to Mr. Stephen Brown, alfo, the public are obli- 
ged, for the eftablifhment of a valuable rope-walk, juft 
without the fkirts of the town; which is not only a 
great convenience to the interior of this ftate ; but alfo 
much promotes the cultivation of hemp, as a new ob- 
ject of agriculture. Columbia confifts of about eighty 
or one hundred dwelling houfes ; and during the fit- 
tings of the legiilature, affumes a gay appearance. At 
other times a calmnefs and quiet reigns, far different 
to the noife and buftle of a legillative feffion ; or to 
that of a large trading city. This tranquility is, how- 
ever, often roufed into active bufmefs, by the arrival 
of loaded waggons from the upper country ; and were 
a fuitable bridge thrown acrofs the Congaree, juft be- 
low Granby, there is little doubt, but the trade of this 
town would thereby experience a very happy increafe. 
Chatham, is a fmall village, fituated on Cheraw hill ; 
at the head of the navigation of Pedee river. It con- 
tains 

* By aft of the legiflature of 1801, funds are appropriated for eftablifhiag 
a college at Columbia, under the above name. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. ai 3 

tains a few (lores, and gives encouragement to the trade 
of that part of this (late ; which is partly drawn from 
North-Carolina, by the Yadkin river. When the na- 
vigation of this river becomes open, it is probable this 
fettlement will receive advantages from the additional 
trade, which will be then carried on. 

Along this line, in the upper country, and on the 
other fide of the itate, a fettlement has been, of late 
years, effected on the eaftern fhore of Savannah river, 
near the place where Fort Charlotte formerly flood ; 
which is called Vienna. It became noticed by the le~ 
giflature in 1795, when commiffioners for the purpofe 
of appointing public packers of beef and pork, were 
nominated by law for this place ; and a lottery was 
authorized to aliift the clearing out, and removing ob- 
ftruclions in Savannah river, from thence to Augufta; 
from which it is dillant about fixty miles. Like Chat- 
ham, on Pedee river, this village bids fair to partici- 
pate in much of the upper country trade, on the fouth- 
ern fide of the date, did it meet with fuitable legiflative 
encouragement. Atprefent, Augufta, in Georgia, may 
be faid to abforb all thefe advantages ; but when once 
the navigation from Augufta to this place, and from 
thence to Anderfon-Ville, be fairly opened, a diverfion 
will probably take place in its favor; particularly be- 
neficial to all the farmers, in the north-weftern parts of 
this ftate. 

Befides thefe towns, which have been noticed, arc 
the villages of Dorchefter,* Monks-Corner, Jackfon- 

borough, 

'* As late, as the year 1723, Dorchefter was confidered a frontier town; as 
appears by a title of an aft of aflembly, paded at that time, for eiiabliftiing a 
fair and market therein; lee Trott's laws of South-Carolina, page 413. This is 
•farther corroborated by the remains of are&angular brick wall, on high lands of 
lieutenant colonel Glaze, overlooking the lakes of the Cyprefs fwamp, fix milej 
above Dorchefter. This work is placed with fuch judgment, and was apparent- 
ly of fuch rhicknefs and dimenfions, that there are no reafons to doubt its having 
been built at the public expence, as a retreat for the fertlers in that part of the 
ilate, again!! fudden hcurfions of Indians. In one part of it, is an hollow, which 

it 



E , 4 A VIEW OF 

borough,* Purryfburgh,f Statefburgh, Winnfborough, 
Greeneville, Lewis-Ville, Pine-Ville, Williamfburgh, 
or King's-Tree, Conwayborough, Wilton, Campble- 
ton, Pinckney-Ville, Pickens-Ville, Anderfon-Ville, 
Spring-Town ; and, a few houfes and ftores are erecled 
in every diftricl;, in the vicinity of the court-houfes 
belonging to the fame. 

Religion. 

By the conftitution of this ftate, the free exercife and 
enjoyment of religious profeffion and worfhip, without 
difcrimination, or preference, is forever allowed to all 
mankind, within the fame ; provided, liberty of con- 
science (hall not be conftrued to excufe acts of licen- 
tioufnefs; or juftify practices, inconfiftent with the 
peace or fafety of the ftate. Hence, all perfons wor- 
fhip God in their own way ; nor is the jealoufy of one 
feci raifed agamfl: that of another. 

Formerly, the proteftant church of England was the 
moil predominant religion in the ftate ; but, at prefent, 
the independents, prefbyterians, and baptiits, are fup- 
pofed to be the moft numerous. A biihop, however, 
has been at the head of the epifcopal churches; but 
fince his deceafe, (which has lately happened) that va- 
cancy has not been filled up. Marriages are folemnized 
by clergymen of all perfuafions; as they are, alfo, by 

juftices 

it is probable was either a well or magazine ; and on the other, is an artificial 
riling ground, on which, it is fuppofed, cannon were placed. 

* The different branches of the ftate government, convened here, in 1782, 
when Charleston was in the poffeflion of Britifh troops. And here, the a£ts 
of connTcation and banifnment were paned againft citizens of the ftate, who 
were unfriendly to the American revolution. 

! t This village was fo named after colonel John Peter Purry; who with other 
iolonifts from Switzerland, effected its fettlement, under the protection and en- 
couragement of government. See Hewitt's anonymous history of SoutA-Carohna, 
vol. II. page 26, alfo in Anderson on commerce, vol. I. page 47, of the 
introduction. See the memorial prefented by colonel Purry, in 1721, to the duke 
of Newcaftle, then fecretary of ftate to George the firlt, king of Great 
Britain ; giving an account of advantages incidental to the latitude of South- 
Carolina. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. *i 5 

juftices of the peace; thefe latter incurring a fine of 
■£\ioo, currency, for fo doing; but the fame is not en- 
forced againfl them. Licenfes for marriage, are more 
formal than neceffary ; for as there is no law directing 
fuch licenfe to be firft obtained ; a marriage is equally 
lawful without it. 

Charitable Societies. 

Many charitable focieties are eftablifhed throughout 
the ftate, tending to ameliorate the misfortunes of hu- 
manity; and entitling the inhabitants of Carolina to the 
character which they have long enjoyed, of being humane, 
benevolent, and patriotic. 

Among thefe, the South-Carolina Society claims the 
firft mention ; as well on account of the direction of 
its energies, as for its early origin. It was, formerly 3 
only a fmall meeting of citizens, who, once or twice a 
week, afiembled at a public tavern. The idea foon 
arofe, of contributing fomething for a public flock; 
and as that increafed, of employing it for charitable 
purpofes. Hence the origin of this fociety ; which, 
from the contributions, being a fum of money called 
two bitts, became known by the appellation of the two biti 
club. Its aim being honorable, many refpe&able citi- 
zens affociated themfelves with it : and, although in the 
year 1739, its common ftock was only ^.30 ioj. lod. 
fterling, it neverthelefs foon increafed, both in numbers 
and riches, to an aftonifhing degree ; comprehending, 
in the year 1770, three hundred and lixty members; 
and pofieffing a capital of more than ^.7500 fterling. 
In the year 1751, an acl of the legiflature was paft'ed, 
incorporating the fame, by the ftyle of South-Carolina 
Society, fmce which period it has continued to increafe 
in refpeclability and riches, to the prefent day; now 
pofleiling a capital of near ^.20,000, fterling. From 
this fund unfortunate families, of its deceafed mem- 
bers, are fupported; and their children receive fuitable 
cducations 3 enabling them to become ufeful in fociety. 

In 



S i6 A VIEW OF 

In the year 1790, an ordinance was paffed by tne le- 
giflature of this ftate, for the ere&ion and eftabliihment 
of an orphan-houfe, in Charlefton. The object of its 
bounty was immediately carried into execution; houfes 
were hired; and many poor children received immedi- 
ate fupport and education. In 1792, the building for 
the orphan-houfe was commenced, agreeably to a plan 
made for the fame, by Mr. Thomas Bennet : In the 
year 1794, it was finifihed ; and on the 18th of October*, 
being the anniverfary of the inftitution, poffeffion was 
taken of the fame; and the children were transferred to 
it from the hired houfes, in which, before that time, they 
had partook of their country's beneficence. The an- 
nual expence of this eftablifhment, for provifions, 
clothing, wood, &c. is about 13,342 dollars : and fince 
its inftitution, nine hundred and forty-one boys, and 
544 girls, have been entered on the books of its pro- 
ceedings. The boys are here fupported and educated 
until fourteen years of age, and are taught reading, 
writing, and arithmetic : the girls are fupported and edu- 
cated until twelve years of age, and are taught the 
fame; befides fewing and fpinning. They are then in- 
dented and transferred over to fome fuitable citizen, for 
a term of fervice; and bid fair to become honeft and 
induftrious citizens. Thefe children, thus bound out, 
are diftributed into nine claffes; one of which is affign- 
ed to each commiffioner of the orphan-houfe, who vi- 
fits them occafionally ; and fees that proper attention is 
paid to them, by the perfons to whom they are indented. 
The girls, of this inftitution, fpin and card as much 
cotton (which is given the inftitution by charitable per- 
fons) as fupplies both the boys and girls with fummer 
clothes. And, on every Sunday morning, a fuitable 
difcourfe is read to the children, by one of the com- 
miffioners in rotation ; at which time they repeat their 
catechifm : And in the afternoon of that day, divine 
fervice is performed, by fome one of the miniflers of 

the 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 217 

the gofpel from the city, or parts adjacent. For the 
further improvement of thefe children of their country, 
a chapel is erecled within the grounds attached to the 
orphan-houfe; which it is hoped, will not only be highly 
advantageous to them, in having divine fervice per- 
formed therein, at regular and Hated times ; bat will 
alfo, be a great accommodation to the citizens in that 

• • • n ■ • 

part of the city. This meritorious lnituution, is im- 
mediately under the direction of nine commiifioners, 
chofen for that purpofe; but who are, neverthelefs, 
under the control of the city council, compofed of the 
intendant and wardens. 

Upon principles of benevolence are, alfo, the St. 
Andrew's, Fellowship, German Friendly, Mechanic, 
Mount Sion, Hibernian, Gemiloth Hafadin, and Ma- 
fonic, Societies, in the city of Charlefton ; and many 
others are inftituted indifferent parts of the ftate. 

Literature-. 

The literature of the ftate, is by no means arrived 
at that point of refpedlability, which the energies of 
government might have aHifted in accomplishing. Be- 
fore the American war, the citizens of Carolina were 
too much prejudiced in favour of Britifh manners, 
cuftoms, and knowledge, to imagine that elfewhere, 
than in England, any thing of advantage could be ob- 
tained. Forreafons alfo, of ftate, perhaps, this preju- 
dice was encouraged by the mother country ; and hence 
the children of opulent perfons were fent there for edu- 
cation, while attempts for fupporting fuitable femina- 
ries of learning in this iiate, were not fufficiently en- 
couraged and promoted. It was enough, perhaps, with 
that government, if the leading men in this ftate, were 
well informed, and were attached to European man- 
ners, and cuftoms, by pleafures enjoyed* arid by friend- 
ship commenced, during the period of a collegiate 
education. For the mafs of the people, governmental 

Ee views 



2i8 A VIEW OP 

views might be better promoted, by keeping them in a 
ftate of ignorance. Hence, thofe who could not enter 
into this expenfive mode of acquiring knowledge, re-r 
ceived their education in a grammar fchool ; beyond 
which, their ftudies feldrim exceeded. From hence^ 
they eidier began the ftudy of the learned profeffion.s ; or 
commenced bufinefs in fome aclive line, which feldom 
invited them to improve the opportunities they had re- 
ceived. During the American war, however, and fince 
the peace of 1783, young men have been fent to col- 
leges in the northern and eaftern dates of this union, for 
finishing their education ; after having previoufly ftu- 
died fome of the clafiics in this ftate, in a grammar 
fchool. And, whatever have been the attempts to place 
thefe fources of education on a better footing ; as yet 
they deferve no higher appellation than grammar fchools. 
In Charlefton, there is no want of them; and it is fup- 
pofed, as far as the objects which they have in view 
extend, they are fuited to the education of boys, until 
the time when they ought to receive a collegiate educa- 
tion. In Georgetown, Beaufort, Camden, and fome 
few other parts of the ftate, there are fimilar fchools; 
but in general, there is great want of them, particularly in 
the interior parts of the country. And of thofe few, 
which are occasionally met with, their regulations are on 
no uniform plan, and are otherwife inadequate to the 
wants and refources of the neighbouring farmers. Hence 
the children of many people, are brought up in a 
manner unbecoming the fituation, which as citizens of 
a free government, they are entitled to enjoy. Of late, 
however, fome grammar fchools have been eftabliOied of 
local nature, in a few parts of the ftate ; and it is farther 
hoped, that the good fenfe of our legiflature, will direct 
appropriations for eftablifhing fuitable public fchools 
throughout the (late. 

At prefent fix colleges are incorporated in the ftate ; 
but as four of their incorporations are unfupported by 

fuitable 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 119 

fuitable funds, fo they have never anfwered the end 
propofed. Two colleges, however, bid fair to be 
honorable to the (late ; provided the fame generous 
principle, which influenced the legislature to originate 
them, mall not be withdrawn by ill-timed parfimony, 
or by jealous opposition. Thefe are the Beaufort, 
and South-Carolina colleges. The Beaufort college, 
by the law of its incorporation, paffed in 1795, was 
endowed with all confifcated and efcheated property in 
Beaufort diftricT:, accruing to the ftate, to the amount 
of five thoufand pounds, iterling * and alfo all vacajat 
lots in the town of Beaufort. Thefe laft have lately 
been fold to a considerable amount ; producing funds, 
which have enabled the truftees already, to build the pre- 
fident's houfe, and to enter into contract for erecling the 
college; which, it is hoped, will be finifhed in the 
courfe of the enfuing year. It is fitnated in the town 
of Beaufort, on a healthy and pleafant Situation; eafy 
of accefs to the citizens, from the fea coafts of this 
ftate, Georgia, and the Weft-Indies; and, mould 
it rife into refpe&ability, will, in all probability, receive 
fupport from thofe and other places. The South-Ca- 
rolina College, was incorporated in the year 1801 : fif- 
ty thoufanu dollars are appropriated for building the 
fame ; belides fix thoufand dollars yearly, for paying 
the falaries of the faculty of the laid college, and for 
its further fupport. It is to be built in the town of Co- 
lumbia; plans are already approved of for the fame; 
and fuch meafures are taken by the board of truitees, 
as it is hoped will go far towards finilhing the building 
in the enfuing year. His excellency the governor, his 
honor the lieutenant governor, the honorable the prefi- 
dent of the fenate, and the fpeaker of the houfe of re- 
prefentatives ; the honorable the affociate judges, and 
the judges of the courts of equity are, ex officio^ truf- 
tees of this laudable inftitution; together with thirteen 
«thers in nomination, for the term of four years. A 

Ee 2 board, 



220 A VIEW OF 

board, fo refpectable, will neceffarily greatly influence 
the advancement of this institution. An advancement 
not promoted by local views, or party prejudices; but 
fpringing from the united voice of an enlightened legi- 
ilature; projected as a rallying point of union, friend- 
Ihip and learning, for the youth from all parts of the 
{[are. JVlay the kindeft favor of Heaven fmile on this 
national undertaking — may no envious oppofnion dif- 
turb it's progrefs— and may the thanks of a grateful 
people remain with all thofe, who have been, or Ihall 
be, inltrumenfal in eftablifhing and fupponing this infti- 
tution, equally honorable to their heads and their hearts. 

Modes of Ll-ving, Cbara£Ier and Di<verfeons. 

Education having a natural influence on the modes of 
living, character, and diverfions of a people ; a diver- 
iky in thefe refpects prevails throughout the (late, in 
proportion as citizens are removed from fources of ur- 
banity, and civilization. Carolinians, are charged with 
a behaviour, favouring too much of the haughty and 
fupercilious. If any be fo in this (late, however great 
their refpectability and learning, a portion of odium ne- 
ceffarily would attach to them on that account; but 
fhould they have no refpectability, or learning, (if any 
there fhould be,) and in riches fuppofe thefe defects to 
be cornpenfated; they would never fail meeting with 
deferved contempt. Independence, with them, may 
have been taken for haughtinefs, and frank nefs in lan- 
guage, and behaviour, for fupercilioufnefs; but all 
itrangers, who vifit our fhores, muff bear witnefs to the 
polhenefs and civility, which render the acquaintance of 
Carolinians infinitely agreeable. That fubtle cunning, 
which, between individuals, is in fome countries con- 
Itantly on the watch to delude or betray, has no part 
in the Carolinian character ; nor do politics draw im- 
paffable lines between friends, or mar thofe pleafures of 
acquaintance, which they wifh to indulge. 

With 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 22 i 



With each other, the Carolinians are polite and affa- 
ble; not relenting things as affronts, which are not offered 
as fuch. But the moment an idea to the contrary is en- 
tertained, the infult is refented, and {ometim.es ends in 
a duel between the parties. Where thefe are fairly- 
fought, agreeably to the terms of the duel, the parties 
have never, yet, been punifhed ; and have, in general, 
been acquitted by the jury trying them. And when 
they have brought in a verdicf of manflaughter againft 
the perfon arraigned ; he has always, hitherto, received 
the executive pardon. To this may be afcribed many 
forbearings, which take place between individuals, ra- 
ther than refort to this laft extremity ; and hence, the 
public papers do not teem with mutual (lander, and pro- 
vocation, againfl perfons, to the difgrace of the parties 
concerned, and the general amufement of the public, 
at large ; as may be feen in fome countries, where the 
prefs is free, and thefe meafures are prevented by rigor- 
ous penalties. 

Among the richer part of the community of this flate, 
the modes of living are fimilar to thofe of the fame rank, 
in European nations. Like them, they enter into the 
change of fafhions ; perhaps directed by many of their 
whims, and influenced by many of their follies. Then- 
equipages are coftly and numerous, their fervants many; 
and hofpitality, throughout the ftate, is known to be a 
national virtue. This, however, has fuffered fome injury, 
particularly in the lower country ; by the flood of dif- 
fipation and extravagance, which has of late years been 
introduced into the ftate ; and which has, in fome 
meafure, altered that hofpitable affecf ion, into a more 
ceremonious and vain parade. 

The middle and lower clafs of people, are plain and 
decent in their manners; and friendly in their intercourfa 
amongft themfelves, or with travellers. They pbffefs a 
fufficient competence to make them independent, and 
a. fufficient independence to render them happy. 

They 



2«2 A VIEW OF 

They have not yet forgotten the troubles they went 
through, during our revolutionary war; and the names 
of thofe who were active in the fame, either in the ca- 
binet or the field, are often the fubje6t of their conver- 
fations. 

In general, the Carolinians are portly, active, regu- 
larly featured, and fair : the lower clafs of people, in 
the country, have often fallow complexions ; induced 
parily by occafional ill health, and by eating much fait 
or fmoaked meat, and but little vegetables. To account 
for this colour, by their different refidences in the ftate, 
either in high or low land ; is what does not fufhcientiy 
appear, by actual obfervation. Neither does it appear, 
that on the low lands of the Carolinas and of Georgia, 
the complexion of the poor and labouring claffes of 
the people, " degenerate to a complexion, that is but 
li a few shades lighter than that of the Iroquois ;" or, 
that " fo thin and meagre is the habit of the poor, and 
" of the overseers of their flaves, that frequently their 
64 limbs appear to have a difproportioned length to the 
<{ body ; and the fhape of the fkeleton, is evidently 
" difcernible through the fkin." Yet, all this, has been 
afTerted by doctor Smith, when vice-prefident of 
Princeton college, New-}erfey, in an effay, which he 
has published, reflecting the complexion and figure in 
the human fpecies.* At the fame time, that we agree 
with the doctor, in the principle which he has endea- 
voured to fupport, viz. " that all mankind have origi- 
" nally defcended from one pair ; and that a difference 
" of complexion is only produced by change of fitua- 
6£ tion, and a combination of other circumftances;" we 
cannot ailent to what is above mentioned by him, ref- 
pecting the inhabitants of South- Carolina. The doctor 
has never been in this ftate ; how then, has he been 
able to give this unpleafant, and degrading account, 
of fome of her inhabitants ? It could only have been 

by 

* Smith, on the human spcties, 8vOt pages 38 and 40. 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 223 

by information; not from Carolinians, for they are 
better informed; but by ftrangers, who, to ufe the doc- 
tors own words, "judge of things, of men, and of raan- 
" ners, under the influence of habits and ideas, framed 
" in a different climate, and a different ftate of focicty ; 
" or, they infer general and erroneous conclufions 
" from fingle and miilaken facts, viewed through that 
" prejudice, which previous habits always form in 
" common minds."* The doctor fays, " it is a {hame, 
et for philofophy, at this day, to be fwallowing the falfe- 
" hoods, and accounting for the abfurdities of failors." 
He would have done well, alfo, in keeping clear of a 
error, into which philofcphers are apt to fall; which 
is, to reafon from affumed facts, in order to fupport 
favorite principles. Had he done this, he might have 
been fatisfied to fupport his reafonings, from the fitu- 
ation of different nations, as being nearer to, or retired 
from the torrid zone ; and might have introduced other 
equally ingenious conclufions; without atnmilating 
the poor of this ftate to the Iroquois, or our over- 
feers to fkeletons. However, this was not attend- 
ed to, in fupporting a favorite principle; which is, that 
as one approaches, the equator, the complexion be- 
comes darker. We do not difpute this afTertion ; on 
the contrary, we believe it may be true, under certain 
influences. But we deny, that the gradation is fo vi- 
fible in America, as to afford matter for certain obfer- 
vations. One would think, that the bufmefs of over- 
feeing, in thefe fouthern flates, were a metier, or trade 
handed down from father to fon, in a line of unbroken 
defcent; in order to agree to the doctor's pofition, of 
their limbs being difproportioned to their body, and of 
the fhape of their fkeleton being difcernable through 
their {kin. I r or he fays, " colour, and figure, may be 
" ftyled habits of the body. Like other habits they 
"are created, not by great and fudden imprelTions; 

" but 

* Smith en the human species, page 137, 



£24 A VIEW OF 

" but by continual, and aim oft imperceptible touches* 
" Of habits both of mind and body, nations are fufcep- 
" tible, as well as individuals. They are tranfmitted 
« s to offspring, and augmented by inheritance."* 

If any perfon fiiould have feen any thing of the kind 
in this (late, from whom the doclor obtained this curious 
information, it could only have been fome one of the 
poorer clafs, who are generally in the habit of wearing 
clothes, extremely difproportionate to their fize; and 
which, by hanging around them in loose folds, might to 
an ingenious, and eccentric traveller, have given the idea, 
of a difproportionate fkeleton. So, alfo, a countenance 
deformed with ficknefs, and difcoloured with bile, 
might alfo have brought to his imagination, the complex- 
ion of an Iroquois. The facl: is, that fome of the 
overfeers, and poor people, (as well as other refidents) 
in the lower parts of this ftate, are occasionally vilited 
by agues and intermittent fevers, during the autumn ; 
which, not only alter their healthy appearance, but 
difpofe their fyftem more readily to fhew appearances 
of bile and changes of vifage. But, when thefe difor- 
ders are removed, the complexion, as in other countries, 
becomes clear; and the body vigorous. And many are 
the inftances of overfeers, who by happy induftry, are 
enabled to tread in higher walks of life; and to remove 
from that fituation, which, the doclor afTerts, fhews 
difproportionate limbs, and difcernible fkeletons. 

Like polifhed cities of other countries, Charlefton, 
offers a variety of amufements to the enjoyments of its 
citizens. Plays and concerts, are regularly performed 
therein, during the winter; and, in fummer, a Vaux- 
hall has been eftablifhed with fome fuccefs. Dancing, 
throughout the ftate, is a favorite amufement; and the 
ladies of South-Carolina, are faid to excel in this elegant 
exercife. In the retired parts of the country, the 

amufements 

* Smith on the human species , page 20* 



SOUTH-CAROLINA* 823 

amufements are few ; confiding of daricirig, horfe 
racing, ball playing, and rifle (hooting. At different 
places, in the upper country, one occafionally meets ball- 
alleys, which are reforted to by young men, for playing 
at fives. Horfe racing, with them, is more difcount- 
enanced than formerly ; the people having become 
more induftrious^ and attentive to family concerns. At 
rifle (hooting, they are particularly expert ; and in fome 
cafes find it much to their advantage. Inftead of articles 
being fold at vendue, they are often (hot for* by rifle 
(hooters, at a fmall price each (hot; which is more 
ufeful and honorable than the raffling mode, ufed oftert 
times in the lower country ^ for the alteration of proper- 
ty : of courfe, the moft expert markfman, will be fure 
to have the firft choice. They generally (hoot at a mark, 
about the fize of a dollar; and he who does not ftrike 
the centre of it, or nearly fo, will come in for no part 
of the reward. In this manner it is common to give 
notice, that on a certain day, a beef is to be (hot for; the 
bed (hot having the firft choice of any piece of the beef. 
And inftances often occur, where one or two men have 
taken the whole beef; although thirty or forty compe- 
titors (good markfmen, alfo) have hit the mark ; but 
have not (truck the centre. Thefe amufements have an 
happy tendency in qualifying the inhabitants to activity 
and (kill, in defending their own, and the public rights 
of their country. And although a riding mafter be fel- 
dom known in Carolina; yet her citizens are famed for 
excellent horfemanfhip ; and make their way through 
thick woods, with furprizing difpatch* This is effect- 
ed, by allowing the boys, at the age of feven or eight 
years, to commence riding, either to fchool, or elfe- 
where ; and foon after they are allowed the ufe of a gun, 
which makes them excellent markfmen. A good rifle- 
man, with a fair (hot, will be fure of a deer, or wild 
turkey, at one hundred and fifty yards : and an huntf- 
irian, with a fmooth barrelled gun, will kill a deer at his 

Ff utmoft 



22 5 A VIEW Of 

utmoft fpeed, at the diftance of near one hundred yards. 
In the lower country, deer-hunting is the favorite 
amufement of the country gentlemen. For this purpofe, 
they are in the habits of affociating in hunting clubs, 
once a fortnight or month; befides partaking of it 
otherwife. The bays and woods afford a great plenty 
of this game; and when the deer are roufed bv the 
hounds, they are either fhot down immediately, by the 
gentlemen who attend on either fide of the bays; or 
they meet their fate, at the different fiands by which the 
deer direfl their courfe; and to which the huntfmen had 
previoufly repaired. Double barrelled guns are.moflly 
ufed in thefe cafes, loaded with buck (hot; and fome- 
times with fingle ball. And fo excellent is the {kill 
of many perfons, accuflomed to this mode of hunting, 
that a deer has been often killed by each barrel of the 
gun, as foon as they could be fucceflively difcharged. 
Sometimes the deer are feen in flocks of eight or ten in 
number ; and as many as four or five have been killed 
in a fingle hunting of a few hours. The country gen- 
tlemen do not enter much into the fport of fowling, Ca- 
rolinians generally preferring riding, to walking ; and 
when game of this kind is wanted, for family ufe, they, 
for the mofl part, fend out a fervant to procure it. 

Race courfes are made in feveral parts of the Rate ; 
and at particular times of the year, the citizens and 
country gentlemen, take great pleafure in thefe {ports; 
hence a defire of raiftng good horfes is excited, and 
the breed is much improving throughout the country. 
The Charleflon races, whether for the large concourfe 
of people, handfome equipages, or fpeed of the racing 
horfes, are fuppofed to be unequalled by any in Ame- 
rica. The race courfe is about a mile and an half with- 
out the city, on a level piece of ground, enclofed with 
a fuitable railing, and is full one mile around. Of late 
years, four mile heats have been run on this courfe, for 
large fums, by American raifed horfes ; the heats being 

performed 



SOUTH-CAROLINA. 827 

performed in eight minutes and fifteen feconds. Thefe 
races are under the direction of a jockey club; by 
whofe rules the racing is directed; and from vvhofe 
funds, the purfes, which are run for, are prepared. 
They take place in February; at which time, a great 
aflefnblage of people is promoted in the city; making 
it one of the gay eft feafons of the year. Should a 
ftranger be dehrous of vifiting this place, it would be 
advifeable for him to fuit his viiit to this period. He 
will, thereby, not only have an opportunity of partak- 
ing in all the winter amufements; but will alfo meet 
with many particular characters, to whom he may have 
letters; as they are, for the moll part, in the city for 
a few weeks at this feafon. 

This work is at length brought to a conclufion; agree- 
ably to the plan propofed. To the liberal and candid 
I freely fubrnit it; not doubting, but their animadver- 
fions, refpecling its contents, will be directed by mode- 
ration and propriety. That its errors will be corrected 
with good nature; or its omiffions be noted with polite- 
nefs. — To others, I can only fay, it is much eaiier to 
deftroy, than to build; to defame, than to praife. 
Their cenfures, malevolently given, will not injure the 
good intention, which has influenced this compofition : 
Nor, although I fhould even have failed, will the at- 
tempt, which I have made, to recite the happy progrefs 
of my native country, be the lefs honorable/ 



Ff2 APPENDIX. 



APPENDIX. 



-»ier^O^^' <a 5— ' — 



NOTE I. Pages 33 and 39. 

IF, from what has been already faid, refpe&ing the 
rivers of South-Carolina, we purfue a further enquiry 
refpecting them ; it will be found, that partaking of the 
fame laws of nature, which influence the waters of the 
Kile, the Rhone, the Ganges, &c. like them, they 
form Deltas, or iflands, at their mouths, equally fertile. 

Or fuch are the iflands fcattered along the mouths of 
the Savannah, Edifto, Santee, Black, Pedee, and Wac 
camaw rivers ; where the crop never fails ; but produces 
abundantly, to the vaft emolument of the planter. Oc- 
cafionally, when ditches are funk in fome of thefe lands, 
roots and trunks of large trees prefent themfelves, three 
or four feet below the furface. Thefe evidences, with 
others which offer themfelves, have induced the opinion 
that the lower parts of this ftate, were once covered 
by the ocean. In like manner, the fame effecls are per^ 
ceived in other countries; and the caufes more for- 
tunately known. Should one be told, that the Delta 
of the Nile, and many leagues above it, was formerly 
warned by the waves of the Mediterranean-fea, where 
now the utmoft fruitfulnefs appears ; doubts would arife t 
until the fafcl were proven. But, when that appeared 
afcertained, by the authority of philofophers, who wrote 

centuries 



APPENDIX. fiS9 

centuries ago, and by monuments, which time has not 
deftroyed; he would be pleafed to acknowledge the 
fame harmony of nature, wherever it occurred. Shells, 
and marine fubftances, on lands far removed from the 
fea, would blaze forth new truths ; and ftrengthen (till 
more the convi£lion, which was impreffed on him. 
He would, in this ftate, find large oyfter and other pe- 
trified fhells, fixty and eighty miles from the fea ; and 
would trace them from Santee to Savannah-river. In 
Egypt he could find them dtftant one hundred and fixty 
miles from the Mediterranean, upon the fmall hills bor- 
dering on the Nile, beyond the plains of Grand Cairo, 
Memphis, and Dach hour*. And, in South-America, 
he might afcend the higheft fummits in the univerfe; and, 
on the Andes, trace thefe teftimonies of fome great ope- 
ration of nature. If then, nature be confident in her 
principles of aclion, thefe fhells, near the Nile, and in 
this ftate, were placed there by the fame caufes : And, 
as a dereliction of waters has been afcertained in the 
firft initance, there is no reafon why it fhould be difpu- 
ted in the laft. This pofition being allowed ; it may 
not be unpleafant to bring into one view, fome changes 
which have happened to the Nile, as fpecimens of fimi- 
lar ones, which have, more or lefs, taken place refpeci- 
ing our large rivers. In the time of Mceris, who lived 
live hundred years before the Trojan war, the Delta was 
in its infancy ; eight cubits were furficient to overflow 
it entirely. They rowed over it in boats ; and the build- 
ings were on artificial mounts, refembling the iflands of 
the yEgean fea. In the age of Herodotus, fifteen cu- 
bits were neceflary to overflow the lower Egypt; but 
the Nile, at that time, inundated the country for the 
fpace of two days journey, to the right and left of the 
Delta. Under the Roman empire, iixteen cubits pro- 
duced fimilar effects. And, when the Arabs governed, 
their writers fpeak of feventeen, as the moft favorable 

height. 

• Swarfs letters en Egypt, vol. I, page 399. 



•3o APPENDIX. 

height. The ftandard of abundance, at prefent (1777) 
is eighteen cubits; but lower Egypt is no longer over- 
flowed: the inundation goes no further than Grand 
Cairo, and the neighbouring country. The Nile, how- 
ever, often rifes to two and twenty cubits (thirty-three 
feet)* I have twice made the tour of the Delta, during 
the time of inundation, fince I have been in Egypt; 
and have even croffed it by the canal of Menouf. 
The river, though full to the brim, in the great branches 
of Rofetta and Damieta, and thofe which run through 
the interior part of the country, only overflowed the 
land, where it laid low; or where banks had been 
railed to flop its waters, and throw them over the rice 
fields. Thus, in the fpace of 3,284 years, the Delta has 
rifen fourteen cubits (twenty-one leet.) Yet we rauft not 
believe the conjectures of thofe travellers, who fup- 
pofed the ifland will become higher, and incapable of 
cultivation. Being indebted for its encreafe, to the 
mud, which the courfe of the Nile carried with it, and 
annually depofited. When it ceafes to be inundated, 
this effect muft likewife ceafe. It has been demonftrat- 
ed, that culture is not fufficient to raife land. — Thus, 
fpeaks Mr. Savary, in his letters on Ejjypt; and, in fol- 
lowing him through the above defcripnon, many ftriking 
fimilarities are obferved, to the Delta's at the mouths 
of our rivers; inducing an idea, that they are equally 
fertile. Droughts do not affecl them; becaufe, at 
fpring tides they can be overflowed; water does not 
injure them; becaufe, with each ebb, the fluices gives 
it vent into the river. And, it is only once, perhaps, 
in a century, when an inundation in thefe times flows 
over them ; and even that refts on them but a few days. 
In addition to this, they are nearly in the fame latitude 
with the Deltas of Egypt; and actually produce the 

fame 

* This height is about the rise of large freshes, in the upper branches of Pedee, 
Santee, and Savannah rivers. 



APPENDIX. a 3 i 

fame grain (rice) with it. — See further obfervations on 
the floods and alluvions of rivers, particularly of the 
Nile, and its Delta; in Rennel's Herodotus, section 

XVIII. 



NOTE II. Pace 93. 

IN the mean time, the Britifh forces before Charlef- 
town, were not the only enemies the public had to op- 
pofe, in arms. The defign, and time of the attack of 
South-Carolina having been fettled; Mr. Stuart fent 
the neceffary inftruclions to Mr. Cameron, in the Che- 
rokee nation. He, forgetful of his engagements to 
Mr. Williamfon, privately difpofed the Cherokee to 
hoftilities. A day was fixed for the commencement of 
their ravages ; as adiverlion, in favor of the attack, to 
be made upon the fea coaft. Although every endea- 
vour had been ufed, by this (late, to conciliate the af- 
fections of thofe Indians, and they had been uniform 
in their appearances of peace ; yet the proper attenti- 
ons had not been wanting, to provide againft their 
breach of faith. For this purpole, a number of men, 
had been ftationed along the weftern frontier, for the 
fecurity of the people. But war being now in the 
heads of the Indians; their ardor was no longer to be 
reftrained : and, although they were yet giving af- 
furances, as ufual, of peace; on the firft of July, ten 
days before the time appointed, they fuddenly attacked 
the frontiers of Georgia, and the two Carolinas. Maf- 
facreing, without diftinftion of age or fex, fuch perfons 
as fell into their hands ; a few only excepted, who were 
made prifoners. As yet, the action of the twenty- 
eighth of June, had not been heard of in the back 
country; they only knew 3 that a powerful Britifh 

force, 



a 3 ft APPENDIX. 

force, by fea and land, had invaded Charleftdwn ; and^ 
that the difaffecled in their neighbourhood, only waited 
to a£t in fupport of the king's troops, upon their gain- 
ing any advantage. In addition to this, the Indian ir- 
ruption ; and (as they foon found) that aided by a 
junction of fomeof the difaffecled • feemed to threaten 
them with certain ruin. 

The confternation of the people, on this occafion, 
is not to be defcribed. They were almolt deftitute of 
arms and ammunition ; having fold the bed of them to 
the public, for arming (he rifle regiments and rangers. 
Nor was the public able, at this time, to furnifh them 
with any conhderable quantity of ammunition. They 
ran into little ilockade forts for fafety ; and it was, with 
the utmoll difficulty, that colonel Williamfon could 
collect a body of men for their proteBion. On the 
third of July, however, he left his houfe, with only 
forty men ; taking a ftation, about fix miles above 
captain Pickens's fort. On the eighth, he muftered 
two hundred and twenty-two, and encamped at Hog- 
fkin-creek; where he remained until the fixteenth • 
when being four hundred and fifty ftrong, he advanced 
to Barker's-creek. Thus we have fome idea of the panic 
among the people; when in a populous part of the 
country, and in time of the molt eminent danger, in 
fixteen days five hundred men could not be collect- 
ed. But now, an aclion had taken place; which in 
fome degree re-animated their fpirits. Some people 
had taken fhelter in an old fort, called Lyndley's Fort, 
near Rayborn-creek ; which eighty-eight Indians, and 
one hundred and two white men, marched to at- 
tack ; they commenced their attack on the garrifon, at 
one o'clock in the morning, of July the fifteenth j 
but fortunately for its fafety, major Downes with one 
hundred and fifty men, had arrived there the evening 
before, in his way to join colonel Williamfon. The 
engagement continued until day light ; when the ene- 
my 



APPENDIX. 033 

my fled. They were purfued by the garrifon, and 
thirteen white men were taken prifoners; who were ge- 
nerally painted as Indians. This repulfe, awed the dif- 
affected into a peaceable conduct ; and the news of 
the action of Fort Moultrie, on the twenty eighth of 
June, arriving immdiately after this affair; their de- 
figqs were cruihed in their brcafts : and the friends 
of freedom were enabled to join colonel Williamfon. 
We left him, on the fixteenth of July, with four hun- 
dred and fifty men ; and having received fupplies from 
Charlefton, and his numbers being encreafed, he, on the 
twenty ninth of July, encamped at Twenty-three mile 
creek ; with fix hundred and eighty four men of his 
own regiment, three hundred and feventeen of co- 
lonel Williams's, two rifle companies, and a detach- 
ment from Fort Charlotte of twenty men ; amounting 
in the whole to eleven hundred and fifty-one. 

From this camp, Williamfon fent fpies; who re- 
turned with two white prifoners ; and with accounts, 
that Cameron was then encamped at Occnore creek, a- 
bout thirty miles diftant, with fome white men, and the 
Efeneka Indians, who had abandoned their town. 
Upon this, about fix o'clock in the evening of July 
thirty-firft ; he marched with three hundred and thirty 
men, on horfe-back, to furprize Cameron ; taking the 
prifoners to conduct him ; and telling them, they mould 
be put to death, the inftant they were found to de- 
ceive. The river Keowee lay in his way ; and he 
could pafs, only, by the ford at Efeneka. He began 
his march, and continued it, without any flanking 
parties, or advanced guard ; and thus proceeded to 
Efeneka. But, on coming up to the fir ft houfes, 
they were, to their aftonifhment, received with a firing, 
both in front and in flank; from behind a fence, along 
which they were marching. For the Indians having 
been apprized of his approach, had returned to their 
town ; and had formed an ambufh in this place. The 

Gg ' unexpe&edncfs 



234 APPENDIX. 

unexpecfcednefs of the attack, the time of it, and the 
manner of its execution, all combining together, made 
the mod fevere impreffion on the troops. William- 
fon's horfe was fliot down, under him. Mr. Salvador 
fell by his fide, under three wounds. The army Scat- 
tered, and difmounted. All, was now, a fcene of con- 
fufion. The enemy kept up a conflant fire, from their 
defences, which the retiring troops returned with ran- 
dom (hot ; as dangerous to their friends, who were 
willing to advance againft the enemy, as to the enemy 
themfelves. At this critical time; colonel Hammond 
exerted himfelf to flop fo ruinous a fire. He at length 
fucceeded, and rallied about twenty men, whom he 
directed to referve their fire. Then marching up to the 
fence, and pouring in their fire on the Indians, they 
jumped over and charged them. The Indians imme- 
diately fled, having one killed, and three wounded ; 
and the action was at an end. Mr. Salvador, who had 
received three wounds, and had been fcalped, died in 
a few minutes ; and three other men in a few hours af- 
ter; fourteen wounded men were fent back to the 
fettlements. At day break, Williamfon fired the 
town on the eaft fide of the river ; but the men were 
fo mocked, at the fight of the dead and wounded, that 
they could not be prevailed to pafs the river, to fire 
the houfes on the other fide. There was a ford, about 
a mile below, and fixty chofen men were fent there to 
crofs the river. At their arrival there, they abfolutely 
refufed to enter the river; and returned to the main 
body ; the troops continuing pofitive in their refufal to 
enter the river. In this extremity, lieutenant colonel 
Hammond, the fecond in command, declared, aloud, 
that he would attempt to crofs the river, if any one 
would fhew him the ford. Three perfons offered to 
accompany him. They croffed the river immediately. 
The army crouded after. And having arrived on the 
oppofite more, it was at once demonihratedj that they 

had 



APPENDIX. 235 

had left not only their fears, but their prudence behind. 
For, as on the other fide there was no getting them to 
advance ; now, they univerfally difperfed for two or 
three miles, along the river ; and there was no keeping 
them together. So eafily do men pafs from extreme 
caution, to extreme imprudence. They now burnt 
the houfes on the weft fide, as they had done on the 
eaftern fide of the river, and deftroyed all the provi- 
sions on the ground ; computed at fix thoufand bufhels 
of Indian corn, befides peafe, &c. 

Thefe things being done, colonel Williamfon imme- 
diately retreated to join his camp, at Twenty-three 
mile creek ; as well, left Cameron learning his fmall 
force, might be induced to attack him with a fuperior 
one ; as that he expected to be joined by detachments 
from colonel's Neal and Thomas's regiments. He 
reached his camp the next day ; and immediately or- 
dered the whole to advance. The army encamped that 
night (Auguft fecond) at Eighteen mile creek. Con- 
tinuing to advance, he fent off detatchments to lay 
wade and deftroy ; fo, that by the fifteenth of Auguft, 
all the lower Indian towns and fettlements were de- 
ftroyed. 

The army having been colleded at a fudden call ; 
was badly provided with clothes, and provisions. The 
enemy were checked in their career; and the troops 
imagining they had procured prefent fafety to their fa- 
milies, were elated with fuccefs ■ and adopted the idea 
of carrying the war through the whole Cherokee nati- 
on, on this fide of the Apalachean mountains. As a 
preparatory ftep, however, they concluded to return 
home, the better to provide themfelves for fuch an ex- 
pedition. On the fixteenth of Auguft, fix hundred 
men marched forward to Efeneka, there to wait the 
return of their comrades, and to keep the enemy at 
bay ; erecting in its neighbourhood a fort, which was 
called Fort Rutledge. The army having re-afTembled 3 

Gg 2 on 



?3 6 APPENDIX. 

on the thirteenth of September, colonel Williarnfon left 
three hundred men to occupy Fort Rutledge, and ad- 
vanced on the Cherokee, with • the remainder of his 
army, confining of two thoufand men. The number 
of the Cherokee warriors, at this time, were three 
hundred and fifty-fix of the lower towns ; nine hundred 
and eight of the middle fettlements; and (even hundred 
and fifty-feven of the overhilis ; amounting, in the 
whole, to two thoufand and twenty one fighting men. 

Upon the breaking out of this Indian war, while this 
{late was collecting an army, application was made to 
North-Carolina and Virginia, to co-operate with our 
forces. Each of thofe itates railed an army y the firft 
to act. in conjunction with us, on this fide of the Apa- 
lachean mountains; and the laft, to act againft the 
Overfull Cherokee. But colonel Williarnfon had de- 
iiroyed all the lower fettlements before the North-Ca- 
rolina forces, under General Rutherford, took the 
field. However, Williarnfon agreed upon a day, and 
place, for joining their forces. The idea of uniting both 
armies, had been adopted, on a principle that nothing 
lefs than their united force, was equal to reduce the 
middle fettlements, and vallies. It was now found, that 
either army was fufficient. Rutherford was already 
laying waite the middle fettlements; and was preparing 
to enter the vallies at the north end ; which, of cgnfe- 
quence, would force the Indians to retreat by Choti, at 
the other extremity of the vallies; a point eafily acceff- 
ible to our army ; which, by advancing in this route, 
would eafily check the Cherokee in their retreat. All 
thefe things Col. Hammond reprefented to Col. Willi- 
arnfon; but he faid, he could not break his engagement 
with Rutherford; nor, could he ever forgive himfelf, if 
by doing fo, he fhould not be at hand to aid him in any 
diftrefs. Williarnfon confequently matched to meet 
him in the middle fettlements. But Rutherford not 
waiting for him, attempted to penetrate into the vaU 

lies. 



APPENDIX. £37 

lies. His guides loft him in the mountains ; and 
his provifions failing, he was returning home, when 
Williamfon met him at Canucca, in the middle let- 
dements, on the eighteenth of September, ten days 
after the appointed time. 

Colonel Williamfon having completed the de.ftru£h- 
on of the vallies ; attempting, on the nineteenth of 
September, to enter the mountainous pafiage at Noe- 
wee creek, fell into an ambufcade of the enemy. The 
army had entered a narrow open valley, enclofed on 
each fide, by fteep and lofty mountains ; terminated by 
others, equally difficult. Thefe heights were occupied 
by twelve hundred Indians; nor were they difcovered, 
until the front of the army had begun 10 alcend the 
height, which terminated the valley. Here, the enemy 
finding themfelVes difcovered, poured in a lire from 
all quarters. The army inftantly recoiled, and fell in- 
to utter confufion. In this extremity, colonel Ham- 
mond again exerted himfelf; caufing detachments to 
file ofF, to gain, if poffible, the eminences above the 
Indians, and turn their flanks. In the mean time, lieu- 
tenant Hampton, with twenty men, had bravely ad- 
vanced upon the enemy; while the main advanced 
guard of one hundred men, were retreating by him. 
Hampton clambered on, calling out " loaded guns ad- 
" vance, empty guns Jail down and load;'' and being 
joined by about thirty men more, preffed defperately 
on the enemy. They could not withftand the ihock, 
and inftantly fled on all fides ; the army, being thus 
refcued from a total defeat. From hence they conti- 
nued their march ; and on the twenty third of Septem- 
tember arrived in the vallies. Advancing, they now 
deftroyed all in their way, penetrating through the val- 
lies by Choti. And, on the feventh of O&ober, the 
army returned to Fort Rutledge, having deftroyed all 
the Cherokee fettlemcnts, eaftward of the Apalache- 

an 



S38 APPENDIX. 

an mountains. The next day, colonel Williamfon 
placed a garrifon, of two hundred men, in that fort; 
and difbanded his army. 

During thefe expeditions, colonel Williamfon en- 
gaged in five flight fkirmifhes. At Efeneka, he loft 
four men, who died on the fpot ; befides fourteen o- 
thers wounded, of whom one died. At Tomalfe, fix 
were killed, and feventeen were wounded, of whom 
two died. At Tugoloo, four were wounded. At Che- 
owee, two were killed, and one mortally wounded. 
At Noewee, fourteen were killed, and thirty-two were 
wounded, of whom three died. Amounting in the 
whole to twenty-two killed, eleven mortally wounded, 
and feventy-two flightly wounded. The Cherokee, in 
thefe conflicts, loft about two hundred men. 

It is due, to the troops, who effected this fervice, 
to acknowledge, with what patience and labor they fur- 
mounted the natural difficulties of the country; through 
which their march was directed. Their route was over 
pathlefs mountains ; whofe afcents were fometimes as 
fteep as the roof of an houfe. At other times they 
marched through woody bottoms, covered with almoft 
inpenetrable thickets; and fo completely enbofomed 
by furrounding mountains, that the rays of the fun 
fcarcely ever reached them. If a pack-horfe miffed 
his ftep, he rolled down, and was torn in pieces before 
he reached the bafe of the mountain. In this manner 
did they proceed from the middle fettlements, to the 
vallies ; a fpace of about twenty five miles : which the 
army, although in continual motion, was five days in 
paffing. But their fatigue fecured their health. Not 
a man, belonging to the camp, died of ficknefs. Nor 
was there but one man, who by ficknefs, was unable to 
march, and that one but for a few days. 



NOTE 



APPENDIX 239 

NOTE III. Page 94. 

SPEECH of William Bull, Jun. Efq. Coirr 
miffioner from South-Carolina, at the treaty held by 
Governor George Clinton, at Albany, with the Six 
Nations, on the 8th of July, 1751. 

My Brethren, ye Sachems and Warriors of the Six 
Nations — 

Governor Clinton having kindled a council fire, at 
Albany, and invited the Englifh governor, and Indians, 
to it, I am come along way on the great fea, from South- 
Carolina, to talk with you at it. And, as no governor, 
or commiffioner, from that province, hath ever fhaken 
hands with you at Albany, before ; I give you this belt 
of wampum, to tell you I am glad to fee you, and to 
fhake hands with you ; that you may know me, and 
open your ears to hear what I have to fay to you. 
[Here., he gave a belt.~\ 

Brethren, 

The governor of South-Carolina intended to have 
come himfelf, to fee you ; but, as there was fome bad 
talks from the Cherokee nation, as if they defigned to 
flop the path by killing and plundering the Englifli traders 
in that nation ; the governor refolved to flay to take care 
of his people. And, in cafe any mifchief mould be done 
by the Cherokees, immediately to carry war into fuch 
of their towns, as fliould be concerned in it. He ha% 
therefore, fent me, one of the beloved men, to talk for 
him ; and gave me this good talk, which I have in my 
hand, to deliver in particular from himfelf to you. He 
has fixed the great feal to it, that you may know it is a 
ftrong talk; for this feal ties every thing ftrong to 
which it is fattened. It (hall be read to you now, and 
may be read to your children after you. [Here the 
governor of South-Carolina's talk was read.) Brethren,, 

with 



s 4 o APPENDIX. 

with this talk, I deliver this belt of wampum, to enforce 
the matters therein recommended to you. 

Brethren, 

It makes my heart, and every Englifh heart, forry 
to fee Indians, who are friends to the Englifh, continu- 
ing at war with each other; it is almoft like finking the 
hatchet into your brethren, the Englifh. This can be 
pleafing only, to our enemies ; yon, my brethren of the 
Six Nations, are good friends to all the Englifh; and, 
the Catawbas, the Chickefaws, the Creeks, Cherokees, 
fome of the Chactaws, and the fmall tribes of Indians, 
living in our, fettlements, are alfo, good friends to the 
Englifh. It is very good, and therefore our defire, 
that ail the Indians, who are friends to the Englilh, fhould 
be friends to each OtheY ; and be included in the fame 
bright chain, which holds the Englifh and the Six Unit- 

O J O 

ed Nations together. I am now come a great way, 
with the affiftance of the governor of New York, and 
the commiffioners from Maffachufetts-bay, and Con- 
necticut, to lengthen the old covenant chain, for that 
purpofe ; and to plant the tree of peace. May it always 
be green, like the laurel ! May its roots grow fo firong. 
in the earth, that no wind from the great lakes, or great 
rivers, where the French are fettled, fhall be able to 
blow it down. May its branches fpread wide in the air, 
that you the Six Nations, and the allies, may fit friendly 
under the fhadow of it, with the Catawbas, Creeks, 
Chickefaws, Chaftaws, Cherokees, and the fmall tribes 
living in our fettlements; and there fmoke together! 
And, may the hatchet, and all that is paft, be buried fo 
deep under ground, that no crofs perfon, whodefires to 
dig it up, can find it ! Then, the time which you now 
ipend, in going to war againft. our Indian brethren, 
may be fo fully employed againft our common enemies, 
or in hunting; that you may buy plenty of goods for 
yourfelves, your wives, and your children. This will 
be very agreeable to the great King George ; who, 

like 



APPENDIX. 441 

like our good Father, is grieved to fee his children de^ 
ftroy each other ; but is pleafed when he fees them 
kind one to another. To enforce this propofal, I 
give you the broad belt of wampum. 

Brethren, 

Although South-Carolina is fo far diftant from Al- 
bany, yet I have brought fome prefents for you, from 
that government ; which you will accept of, as a teftimo- 
ny of the friendfhip, which that province hath for our 
brethren, the Six Nations ; \ have them in my care 3 and 
they mail be delivered when governor Clinton makes 
his prefents to you. To confirm this promife, I give 
you this itring of wampum. 

My Brethren^ the Sachems, and warriors of the Six 

Nations, 

Ye have heard, what his excellency governor Clin- 
ton has faid, concerning a peace; what the governor of 
South-Carolina hath wrote ; and alfo, what I have now 
faid ; you will hear next, what the chiefs of the Cataw- 
bas, who came here with me, will fay. They come to this 
council fire, at Albany, to meet you, in order to make 
peace with you. They know it is the defire of the En- 
glifh, that peace mould be made between you; and 
you know, it is the defire of the Engiifli alfo. To o-^ 
pen your ears ; I give you this belt of wampum. 

At this time the Catawba king, and his chiefs, ap- 
proached the grand council, finging a fong of peace, 
their enfigns, or coloured feathers, borne horizontally, 
and not eretled ; every one, prefent, admiring their de-- 
cent dignity and behaviour, as well as the folemn air 
of their fong. A feat was prepared for them, at the 
right hand of the governor's company. Their two 
fingers, with the two feathers, continued their fong, 
half fronting to the center of the old Sachems ; to 
whom they addrefled their fong, and pointed their fea- 
thers; making their mufical calabafties ; while the king. 

Hh of 



* 4 2 APPENDIX. 

of the Catawbas was bufy preparing, and lighting the 
calumet of peace. The king firft fmoaked and pre- 
fented it to Hendrick, who gracefully accepted it, and 
fmoked. The king, then paffed the pipe to each Sa- 
chem in the front rank ; and feveral in the fecond rank 
reached to receive it from him, to fmoke alfo. Then 
the Catawba lingers ceafed ; and faflened their feathers, 
calumets, and calabafhes to the tent pole ; after which 
the king flood up, and advancing forwards, he began his 
fpeech to the Six Nations, in the following manner : 

Friends, 

I iaft year, with the advice of my great men, deter- 
mined to make a peace with you ; and fet out for that 
purpofe ; but was taken fick by the way, which hindered 
me. The fame refolution remained in my heart ; and 
the governor of Carolina agreeing with me, confented 
to fend a veffel to New York, that we might meet you 
here at this treaty; which greatly rejoiced me. And 
when I came away, my towns all fhook hands with me, 
and defired me, for them, to make a peace ; and I give 
this belt, with all my towns upon it, fignifying, that 
they all join in my defire. 

We are all friends with the Englifh, and defire to 
be fo with our brethren, the Six Nations. And as 
fome of your people are now out, that do no know 
of the peace > when they are all returned, and the path 
clear and fafe, I will come to your towns and houfes, 
and fmoke with you, as I would in my own ! The 
king then, and after him the other Catawbas, fhook 
hands with the Six Nations ; to which the Six Nations 
anfwered : 

Brethren, 

We are glad to fee you here; and return you thanks* 
for your kind fpeech. But, as it is a thing of moment, 
we mud take time to confider of it ; and fhall anfwer 
you this evening, or to-morrow morning. 

The 



APPENDIX. 



*43 



The confutation of the Six Nations was in the open 
field, behind the fort at Albany, and lafted near three 
days. On the evening of the fecond day, the Mow- 
hawks withdrew from the council ; declaring, that they 
were for peace with the Catawbas; and that thofe, who 
were not yet fo determined, might confult farther. 
The other Five Nations met next day, by day break, 
and at five o'clock in the morning, agreed alfo to the 
peace; after which, the following anfwer was given, 
which more particularly relates to the commiffioner 
from South-Carolina, and the Catawba nation. 

The grand council being formally affembled, as 
heretofore, the chief Sachem of the Senecas, lit a pipe, 
and put it into the mouths of the Catawba King, and 
his chiefs, who fmoked out of it; and then returned it 
among the Six Nations. After whicb 3 the following 
anfwer was given by them : 

Brother Corlaer, 

In anfwer to the firft paragraph of Mr. Bull's fpeech, 
we return him thanks for his kind fpeech; and defire 
that he will be faithful and honeft, in holding fall the 
covenant chain. 

Arrickhwawawgah,* 

We thank you, kindly, for the governor of Carolina's 
letter; and mail preferve it, as in our bofom. 

Brother Corlaer, and others; particularly Arrichhwa- 

wawgah, 

We kindly thank your excellency, and the Other 
gentlemen, for the uneafinefs they exprefs, at the In- 
dians murdering one another ; and we confent that the 
hatchet be buried, where no ill-natured perfon can 
find it. [A Belt.} 

Hh 2 Brother 

* The meaning of this word, is "one that lays faft hold of the chain of 
friendfhip;" or rather " one, who is afliftantin the public council." It was a 
name, by which the Six Nations chofe t« call, and remember the Commiffioner 
from South-Carolina. 



£44 APPENDIX. 

Brother Corlaer, and others, the CommiJJioners, 

Arrickhwawawgah the other day told us, by a belt of 
wampum, that he came here to plant a tree of peace ; 
that the Englifh and Indians might fet in peace under 
it. We thank you for your good defign; and heartily 
join you in it. And may it grow large, and laft for- 
ever. [A Belt.] 

Arrickhwawawgah alfo told us, that he brought with 
him fome of your brethren, the Catawbas ; and gave us 
a belt to open our ears to hear them. We have heard 
them, and thank him for his advice. [A Belt.'] 

Arrickhwawawgah further told us, that although he 
came a great way, he brought fomething in his bofom 
as a prefent for us ; and to remind him thereof, we give 
this itring of wampum. 

Brethren, the Catawbas, 

You came to our doors and fires to make peace with 
us, and we have heard your kind fpeech, and thank 
you for it. And, as a token that yon came to make 
peace, and were received as our friends, we give you 
this white belt of wampum, to wear about your necks; 
that all that fee it, may know that you have been here, 
and were received as our friends. 

Brethren, the Catawbas, 

This belt ferves to make you more powerful, and 
give you fhort horns. It has been a cuftom among 
all the Indian nations, when they come to fue for 
peace, to bring fome prifoners with them ; and when 
you return with prifoners, the peace mall be comple- 
ted, and your horns lengthened. And, we give you 
a year to return with the prifoners; and if you do not 
come in that time, we fhall look upon the peace 
as void. 

Brethren, the Catawbas, 

We will take your pipe up to the Mowhawk's caftle ; 
It being the firft town you come to as it were; and there 

fit 



APPENDIX s 45 

fit and fmoke, and think of you ; and not go out to war, 
jf you return in the time appointed by us. 

[Here, the king of the Catawbas answered :] 
I have long wifhed for a peace with you, the Six 
Nations; but never had an opportunity till now. And 
as it is completed before his excellency, and thefe 
commiiiioners, and the belt paft, I fhall wear it about 
my neck as a token of friendfhip. It is a right and good 
cuftom, that prifoners mould be exchanged in making 
a peace ; and if you will fend fome of your people 
with me, I will carry them to my own houfe, and they 
fhall live as I do. And I will then deliver all the pri- 
foners I have; and come with them, and conduct them 
fafe to their own doors. 

Brethren, the Catawbas, 

As to your requeft of fending fome of our people to 
your country, it is unprecedented, and what we never 
have done at the firrt time of meeting; and none of our 
people are prepared to go ; therefore, we cannot agree to 
it ; but we may, at the fecond time, fend fome of our 
people with you. 

[Here the Cataiobas answered :] 
We fhall come in a fhort time to your towns; and 
you may expect to fee us. 

[Six Nations answered:] 

Brethren, the Catawbas, 

We defire, when you come again, you will come by 
water, and bring a commidioner with you, that we may- 
know you to be the fame. And as there are feveral nati- 
ons, united with us, who may not know of this peace, 
the path may be dangerous, and may deftroy what is 
now done. But if you come to this place by water, 
you will be fafe. 

[See Indian Book for 1751, from page 167 to page 172.] 

NOTE 



s 4 6- APPENDIX. 

NOTE IV. Pace 99. 

ExtraB of a letter from James Francis, at Fort Nine- 
ty-Six^ to Governor Lyttleton, dated March 6, 1760. 

THE letter gives an account of an attack made on 
the fort, by two hundred Cherokee Indians; in which 
they were repulfed. The following is extracted from 
the letter : " We beg leave to acquaint your excellen- 
a cy, that we had the pleafure, during the engagement, 
ei to fee feveral of our enemy drop ; and we have now 
6t the pleafure, fir, to fatten our dogs with their carca- 
64 fes ; and to difplay their fcalps, neatly ornamented, 
" on the top of our baftions." 

[See Indian Book for 1760, page 228.] 



NOTEV. Page 178. 

WITHOUT forming a refolution, it was under- 
ftood, that the public military ftores fliould be imme- 
diately feized, into the hands of the people. To ef- 
fect this, the Prefident of the Congrefs, by virtue of a 
refolution of Congrefs, (January 16, 1775) appoint- 
ed a committee of fafety. He nominated William 
Henry Drayton, Arthur Middleton, Charles Cotef- 
worth Pinckney, William Gibbes and Edward Wey- 
man, efquires, for thatpurpofej and the refolution, 
by which they were to ac\, was in the following words : 
66 Refolved, that a fecret committee of five proper 
" perfons, be appointed by the Prefident of this Con- 
61 grefs, to procure and diftribute fuch articles, as the 
" prefent infecure flate of the interior parts of this co- 
" lony, renders neceflary, for the better defence and fe- 
64 curity of the good people of thofe parts, and other 
w necellary purpofes. Refolved, that this Congrefs 

« will 



APPENDIX. 



«4f 



44 will indemnify and fupport the faid committee, in 
64 all their doings, touching the premifes." 

By this authority, the committee became poffefied 
of important powers ; by which the colony was to be 
placed in a pofture of defence. Without lofs of time, 
the committee determined, that the public gunpowder, 
and the fmall arms, in the ftate armoury, fhould be 
feized the night after (April 21;) and directions were 
iflTued accordingly. One party feized the public pow- 
der, at Hobcaw ; and another took the merchant's pow- 
der, at the magazine, at Cochran's. A third party af- 
fembled at the ftate-houfe, at eleven o'clock, and pofU 
ed armed centinels in proper places. Many refpeftable 
gentlemen attended; among whom were the chairman 
of the general committee, Mr. Lynch, one of the dele- 
gates to Congrefs, Mr. Benjamin Huger, and Mr. Wil- 
liam Bull, a nephew of the King's lieutenant governor 
of that name, who then prefided over the colony. The 
committee of fafety attended and dire&ed ; and Mr. 
Gadfden attended at the wharf, to receive the powder 
as it was landed. The door of the armoury was ac- 
cordingly broken open, and in lefs than three hours 
five hundred pounds of private powder, one thoufand 
and twenty -five pounds of public powder, eight hun- 
dred ftand of arms, and two hundred cutlafies, befides 
cartouch-boxes, flints and matches, were removed, and 
lodged in a cellar near the ftate-houfe. During this 
procedure the greateft order and regularity was obferv- 
ed, the night being chofen for the tranfadtion of this 
affair ; as there could be no reafon to infult govern- 
ment, by doing this act openly in the day ; when the 
public advantage could be equally promoted by avoid- 
ing fuch conduct. 

The late advices from London, being immediately 
followed by the difappearance of the arms and powder ; 
the daringnefs and fecrecy of the act of taking them, 
plainly indicated by what authority they were feized. 

It 



g4 8 APPENDIX. 

It was in vain the Governor examined the keeper of the* 
ftate-houfe — fhe faw the arms taken away, and the per- 
fons who took them; but fhe could not give any parti- 
cular information, although threatened with the lofs of 
her place. The commander of the town watch,- 
although he faw feveral perfons about the ftate-houfe 
and knew them, was equally filent. The Governor 
called a council — and the refult of its deliberations, 
was a very mild proclamation, Hating, that the arms 
and powder had been taken from the public armoury, 
and magazine, by perfons unknown ; and offering a 
reward of one hundred pounds, fterling, for the difcove-^ 
ry of any perfon concerned in thofe " daring offences," 
fo that they might be brought to condign punifhment. 

The affembly being now fitting, according to their 
adjournment ; the Governor fent them a meffage (dated 
April twenty-fourth) ftating the lofs of the arms and 
powder; and acquainting them, that he had " publifhed 
" a proclamation, offering a reward for difcovering the 
6i perfons concerned, in fuch daring acts of violence 
ct againft the property of this province," he concluded, 
that " upon fo extraordinary and alarming an occafion, 
" it becomes my indifpenfible duty to acquaint you 
"therewith, without lofs of time; and earneftly to 
" recommend this important matter to your inveftiga- 
*' tion, and molt ferious confideration." The affembly 
laughed at fuch a ftep ; however, to cairy on the farce, 
fome days after, they acquainted the governor, that 
they " think there is reafon to luppofe, that fome of 
" the inhabitants of this colony may have been induced 
*' to take fo extraordinary and uncommon a ftep, in 
" confequence of the late alarming accounts from 
" Great Britain." In the mean time, the committee 
of fafety, privately effected loans for the public fer- 
vice; and the very firft day, they procured one thou- 
fand guineas ; fo ready were citizens to ferve their 
country. 

NOTE 



APPENDIX. C49 

NOTE VI. Page 123. 

SINCE the year 1786, when Mr. Van Braafn was a 
planter in South-Carolina, the ricfc mills are greatly 
improved ; inforrtuch, that his account of them is very 
inapplicable at the prefent time. For inftance in the 
ftrikirig of the peitles, he fays, " each peftle ftrikes 
44 lixteen ftrokes in a minute, as they lay there, to keep 
44 the rice hot, and in conftant motion ;" whereas, in 
our bed water rice mills, the peftles now ft r ike from 
thirty-two to forty-four times, in a minute. This gen- 
tleman has been particular irt his Chiriefe enquiries; 
and his account of their rice mills, is after the fol- 
lowing manner : 

44 Each mill belongs, in common, to feveral families, 
* 4 who have paid the fir ft coft of its conftruction, and 
« 4 who defray the exp'ences of keeping it in repair; but 
il with this very remarkable lingularity, that all the 
44 parties concerned, contribute in proportion to their 
44 fortune, although all have an equal right to the mill. 
* 4 One mill keeps in play fix or feven peftles, working 
• 4 in as many mortars, which furnifh each, fixty and 
44 fome odd pounds of hufked rice, a day.* It is poffi- 
44 ble there may be as many families interefted in the 
"'mill, as there are mortars employed. 

44 In South-Carolina, in the United States of Amc- 
44 rica, and at Java, in the Eaft Indies, wooden peftles 
44 and mortars are generally ufed; but here they are 
44 both of ftone, which certainly abridges the Work. 

44 At Canton, ftone mortars and wooden peftles arc 
44 employed; becaufe the operation being performed 
44 by manual labor, a ftone peftle would be too' heavy. 
44 The reader may perhaps imagine that the rice is 
44 broken by two ftone inftruments; but this is what I 
44 have never feen refult from the method, ufed by the 

li 4; Chinefe. 

* In the courfe of a fingle tide, a Carolina rice mill, will furnifh from 570 
to 950 pounds of huflced or cleaned rice, to each mortar; of which,' ihmc 
are from eight to fixteen'. 



ESQ APPENDIX. 

" Chinefe. On the contrary, they abfolutely infift, 
44 that the rice ferved up at table, fhould combine the 
" whitenefs of fnow, with the entire prefervation of 
M the grain. 

" I have, however, a remark to make upon the Chi- 
< 4 nefe mills ; it is that their peftles work too (lowly. 
st In Carolina, in working their mills, they fo manage, 
a that each peftle ftrikes iixteen ftrokes in a minute; i« 
" order, as they fay there, to keep the rice hot, and in 
*? conftant motion. 

64 In 1786, when I was a planter in that ftate, I had 
* s conftructed a machine according to my own ideas. 
44 Two horfes feti-t in motion, and each of its peflles. 
* 4 flruck four and twenty ftrokes in a minute ; on which 
44 account it was considered as a great improvement. 
44 The Chinefe mills, as far as ray obfervations went, 
44 give but eight or ten strokes in a minute. It muft at 
" the fame time be acknowledged, that in Carolina, 
44 the peflles are commonly railed eighteen or twenty 
44 inches, while in China, they are lifted from thirty. 
* 4 three, to thirty-fix inches, which very much encreaf- 
44 es the aclion of the peftle, by the encreafed velocity 
44 of the fall ; but on the other hand, the rice remains 
44 longer without motion, which would, elfewhere, be 
44 coniidered as a great objection. Be this as it may, 
44 it is to be prefumed, that the Chinefe find their me- 
• 4 thod anfwer; or, otherwife, they would certainly ex- 
" ert their ingenuity to accelerate the movement of the 
44 wheel, and confequently that of the peftles,"* 

44 While pairing by feveral water mills, I obferved 
* 4 that the great wheel, by means of a little wheel, 
'' which revolves at the other extremity of the fame 
44 axle, and which ferves to turn a horizontal wheel, 
44 gives motion to mill ftones, that {trip the rice of the 
4 > outer huik before it is carried to the mortar, in order 

" to 

i 

* This is dona in Carolina, by multiplying the power with different fized 
oog wheels, in the interior of the mill. 



APPENDIX. 25 1 

Qi to be cleanfed from the inner one. This fingle ma- 
" chine then ferves, at one and the fame time, to remove 
*' the outer hufk, and to cleanfe the rice ; a double ef- 
* 4 feci, which I never faw produced by any machine lit 
* 4 Carolina, where the firft operation js feparately per- 
*' formed in wooden mills."* 

See Van Braam's Chinese embassy. Vol. lid. pages 
285, 286, 287, 292, and 293. 



NOTE VII. Page 152. 

Machines for blowing air, by a fall of water. 

IT has been obferved, in this work, that the forges and blooma- 
ries of the upper country, are generally blown by a water blaft, 
fimplified and improved by Mr. Hill, from the original invention. 
From what model or defcription he was encouraged to make the ex- 
periment, I am uninformed. That he has completely fucceeded is 
beyond a doubt ; as alfp, that the fall of water required, is far lefs, 
than what is uled in different parts of Europe, for fimilar purpofes ; 
to the beft of my recollection, the fall is not more, than from 
twelve to fixteen feet, and perhaps not as much. The machine 
confifts of a funnel communicating from the bottom of the aque- 
duct, which is about two inches in diameter lefs than the pipe below 
it. The pipe below it, is fix or eight feet long, and fix or feven inches 
fquare ; it is placed perpendicularly under the funnel ; the top of 
the pipe, being a few inches, below the bottom of the funnel. 
From this funnel, the column of water falls perpendicularly into 
the pipe, without touching either fide of the fame, carrying with 
jt a current of air. This is delivered, with the water, at the bot- 
tom of the pipe, into a wooden receiver or air vefl'el ; which, from 
its internal conilrudion, is adapted to feparate the column of water 
into fmaller ftreams, and drops ; thus difengaging from it, a great- 
er quantity of air brought down with it. The air then paffes ofF, 

Ii 2 as 

* Either Mr. Van Braam's obfervations in Carolina, muft have been very 
confined, or our improve d rice mills mud not have then b?en made, to warrant 
his above affertion. What would be the comparifon he would now draw, be- 
twixt Carolina and Chinefe rice mills? This laft mentioned rice mill, which 
appears to be the beft he faw in China, was in ufe fome years ago in this Mate, 
before our prefent improved rice mills were erected; with this difference, how- 
ever, that the other extremity of the fame axle, indeed of turning an hori- 
zontal wheel, worked a lanthern wheel, which gave motion to the mill Hones. 



ess Appendix. 

as already mentioned, through a pipe inferted into the upper part 
of the wooden receiver, or air veffel ; by which, it is delivered at 
the furnace ; and the redundant portion of water efcapes from the 
bottom of the receiver ; the lower part of the fame, being fo con- 
trived, as to remain filled with water, to prevent the elcape of 
air. This machine has an affinity to fome, defcribed in Lewis's 
Commerce of arts i but appears to be of more fimple conftru&ion 
than any of them. In that work, this fubjeft appears to be fully 
confidered, and much ufeful information is contained ; and from 
thence the following principles, drawn from rnany experiments, 
may be aflumed : 

ifl. The water paffing through the narrow throat of the funnel,! 
falls into the bore of a wider pipe; the quantity of air introduc- 
ed, depends on the juit proportion of this enlargement, with the 
quantity of water running through, in a given time. 

zl. The length of the pipe does not appear to be of much im- 
portance ; it fhould feem fufficient, if the pipe be of fuch a length, 
that the prefTure of water within it, may be able to refift the crim- 
preffed air, in the air veffel ; and that after a part of its power 
Have been fpent in overcoming that force* it may flill have velocity 
enough left, to difcharge itfelf from the receiver* as fall as it can 
be fupplied through the pipe. 

3d. The greatelt effect appears to be produced, when the fun- 
nel is about two thirds of the length of the pipe. 

4th. The bottom of the aqueduct of water, fhould be about 
fourteen feet above the level of the ground. 

See Lewis's Commerce of arts, from page 267, to page 314, alfo in 
the appendix of that work, from page 63 1, to page 637. 





1 HE Author of the preceding VIEW of 
SOUTH-CAROLINA, is indebted to the politenefs 
of fome citizens of Georgetown, and its vicinity, for 
the following chart of the entrance into Winyaw-Bay : 
having been received too late for infertion in the bo- 
dy of the work; it can only be added now, by 
poftfcript. 

It hence appears, that a fhort canal may be cut a- 
crofs North-Ifland ; from eighteen feet water in the 
Bay, to twenty-four feet water in the Sea. And, by an 
eftimate of Lieut. Col. Senf'sj accompanying the fame, 
it is fuppofed the canal may be effected for five thou- 
fand pounds flerling. A plan of this kind is much fa- 
vored by the citizens of Georgetown: as the ap- 
proach to that place, will thereby be attended with 
greater fafety j and its commerce be much increafed 
by admitting veffels of heavier burthen, than thofe, 
which can at prefent enter through the channel between 
North and South-Iflands. Should it be fuccefsfully ex 
ecuted, it will be highly advantageous to the rifing im- 
portance of Georgetown : and will be equally ho- 
norable to thofe 5 who have projected and fupported 
the fame. 












: : ::!":-::. 
,..; 



